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�IISBS*
Waialina for Health-
Recreation
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.Summer Resort of the Hawaiian Islands is Hai.kiwa Hotki,, at W'aialua, less
than three hours' travel from Honolulu by the Oahu Itailway. The journey to and fro is
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pleasant, affording the tourist a wide range of scenic views, and the handsome hotel by the sea
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vl/tllC|llin
provides every modern convenience. One gets mountain and sea air here, the enjoyments of surf
an
—=—
and
the
luxuries
of
unexcelled
plover,
shooting
and
of
sport
pheasants
bathing
boating, the
.'_
„.
cuisine and the comforts of sumptuously furnished sleeping apartments. The
House conducts its own eh-ctric lighting system on the premise?, provides teleks* ]>honic communication with Honolulu, and gives to its guests the free use of
|ik& f—
WM F§g an elegantly furnished billiard parlor.
>gj
,
,r P ar c surrounding Hai.eiwa is kept nt all times in the approved style
K«
I wQ
landscape art, thus being a delightful retreat for those who seek rural
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Hm
t7°HK IDEAL
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—
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fiS
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§§
|£§
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°'seclusion.
The hygienic conditions of the place are far above those of most pleasure
the air being invigorating and the temperature of the atmosphere
resorts,
_S
£5$ equable. Natural spring water is used for domestic purposes. At the time of
n§ the construction of the House special attention was given to sanitary plumbQ§3 ing, only the most modern fixtures of the best manufacturers being
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CURTIS P. lAUKEA, Manager.
�COPIES OF
ALLEGE HILLS.
fvThe
.mi
THIS
NUMBER
Number)
Th.- American
-OK
;hc
-
On Sale for
Postpaid to any address
-
-
20 Cents
Boston Hitii.mnc
Honolulu, T M.
h
resume of
TRUSTEES
La the orgau of the Hawaiian linnril. It is theorgan
"Cousins " II is the orgau of Tempwranee. it is
ini organ of tin' v. W. i'. A li givei s|miT fur general
Intelligence. $i..">iih fear.
li
<>i
A Cent Apiece —120 for $1.00
Famous pictures for
W&
i jW-
Sunday
School uses
BROWN
404
a COMPANY,
BANKERS.
HONOLULU,
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
established in 1858.
Transact a General Banking and Exchange
Business. Loans made on approved security.
Bills discounted. Commercial Credits granted. Deposits received on current account sub-
building require-
and Insurance Department, doing a Life, Kire
and Marine business on most favorable terms,
in Friend Building on Bethel Street.
OAHU COLLEGE
I IOLLISTER DRUG CO.,
Jtuld Building.
Hawaiian Islands.
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
OF
OAHU COLLEGE.
DRUGGISTS.
And Dealers in Photographic Supplies.
Honolulu. H. I.
A.li.. President.)
and
PUNAHOU PREPARATORY SCHOOL
WATERHOUSE
(Samuel Pingree French, A. 8., Principal.)
TRUST CO., Ltd.
()ffer complete
and
Incorporated
capitalized for $200,(100
College preparatory work,
President
Henry Wuterhouse
together with special
V Ires. and Manager
Arthur B. Wood
Secretary
Commercial,
Bobt. W. Shingle
Treasurer
Richard 11. Trent
Music, and
Albert WaterhooM
Director
Art courses.
(Arthur I". Griffiths,
JONATHAN
- -
Oahu College,
Send to HAWAIIAN BOARD ROOMS
.<u§kh: hawalian
&
to
Tor Catalogues, address
of Beverly
Mass.
406 Boston
*—'
>r
HKNRV
■Jxfi' o iuches
|jk
-
Honolulu
FRIEND
[SI X
The cheapest and most desirable lots offered for sale on the easiest terms: one-third ject to check.
cash, one-third in one year, one-third in two
Regular Savings Bank Department mainyears. Interest at 6 per rent.
tained in Bank Building on Merchant Street,
THAN IIY TAKINO
*Ik Jfl wM
of
Rapid Transit
For information as
ment*, etc., apply to
HAWAIIAN RELIGIOUS
NEWS
I
tract
Supplied with Artesian \Wer and
:2."> Cents
There is no better way of getting
k
residence
Oahu College.
COOL CLIMATE, SPLENDID VIEW
HaHniini Board Book Room*
THE!
D
THB-
FRIEND
401)
magnificent
—*
Mount
1
THE FRIEND
Factor*, Real E»tatt Agentt, Stock
and Bond Broken, Invettment and
Insitmiirc Agent*.
Sugar
SHAW,
Business Agent,
Honolulu, H. T.
lines a general Trust and Investment BuslneM
guardian, administrator, trustee, Mgent aihl
Acts Hs
Mttomey. Correspondence
Building
HARDWARE CO., Ltd.
PACIFIC
Importer* and Jobbers of
*
GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
stamps
ji
At
'
Fori Street —
•*
solicited.
WICHMAN,
Hl'.
'
Manufacturing Optician,
Jeweler and Silversmith.
Importer of Diamonds, American and Swiss
Watches, Art Pottery, Cut Glass,
Leather (ioods. Etc.
Since annexation
Hardware, Art Goods, Picture Mould...
Hawaiian Islands.
these. Stamps have
ings, Paints, Oils, Varnishes, Gasoline Honolulu
ll
and
Kerosene,
Agricultural
ImpleLSHJEkSfjm 7 been superceded by
_-�
ments, etc.
;
& COOKE, Ltd.,
those of ' the United
States.
Honolulu, H. I.
At bethel Street—
Buy while you can before they rise
Household Supplies, Sewing Machines,
further in value.
Stoves, Ranges,
Glassware, China.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS,
Crockery.
SOME GOOD OFFERS:
SUGAR
FACTORS.
25 varieties
$.50
$1.75
12 vuiieties
1.0(1
varieties
18 varieties.
86
BOG
Agents for
Full set Republic of Hawaii stamps
1.00
iy/I OSES K. NAKUINA,
The Ewa Plantation Co.,
Rrmit hy fVaVti tfoney frrftr la
The Waialua Agricultural Co., Ltd.,
The Kohala Sugar Co.,
Real Estate Agent, Notary Public and Agent
FRANK C. ATHERTON
The Waimea Sugar Mill Co.,
to Grant Marriage Licenses.
Honoliim', Hawaii
I'. O. Hox :i'K',
The Apokaa Sugar Co., Ltd.,
Room 401 Boston HuilJing.
The
Fulton
Iron Works, St. Louis, Mo.,
Cushion
mid
■
Covers
Elegant
n
Pieces, Hawaiian and
The Standard Oil Co..
tSUrnCCI California
Scenes, Pharao'a
Tel. Main 10.?.
P. O. Box 565.
Ceo F Blake Steam Pumps,
I palliAr Horses, Scotch Cattle, Indian
Weston's Centrifugals,
L Call ICI Heßds.ae. Prices $« to $45.
F. FERNANDES,
Also crHVHt hihl handkerchief holder*, Imnd baga,
England Mutual Life Ins. Co.. Boston,
New
book mid view eovera, carved and burnt leather frames,
NOTARY PUBLIC.
card easea, belts, musle mUt, etc. tnctoae stumps no
Aetna Fire Insurance Co., Hartford. Conn..
poitala.
G H. BIGELOW,
Alliance Assurance Co.. of London.
Office with Cecil Brown.
93 Merchant St.
Artist mill l».si k 'n,. r Honolulu, T. II
■JSLSiSSffk'
PlH3 jß*>Ss,J'
-
CASTLE
.
W»P
—
.
FRANK
�2
�3
F
The riend.
VOL. LX
HONOLULU, T. H., DECEMBER, 1902
The Friend's
Special Edition
Among the people to whom the present
number of The Friend will come will he
many who have never before seen it, or
even heard of its existence. Its apology
for appearing so unceremoniously anion";
strangers is tin.- fact that the recognition
of two somewhat notable events seems to
be called for at this time. The first of
these
is its own sixtieth
anniversary,
NO. XII
which occurs with this month's issue. This
marks one important milestone in a longer Span of life than can he claimed by any
other paper in these 1 Islands or on the
Mainland west of the Rocky Mountains.
It will he of interest to main of our readers to he reminded that for a long time
before tin western part of the homeland
ceased to he foreign territory, American
influences were sturdily at work in the
Hawaiian Islands, preparing them for ihe
place they now occupy tinder the Stars
and Stripes. In the midst of these influences Tim-: FRIEND was horn. It was
founded in January of the year 1543 by
Rev. Samuel (.'. Damon, D.D., in th.' interests of the many seamen who totiche 1
at these shores. Thus, although diverted
front its original purpose, it has lived
through practically all of the changes in
social and commercial life, as well as the
mutations in politics which have occurred
lure since the Islands were brought into
intimate illations with the rest of the
world.
The second event which calls for notice,
and which Tin-: FRIEND chooses as the
theme of its anniversary number rather
than its own history, is the closing, in the
Hawaiian Islands, of the work of UnAmerican Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions. Twenty-three years
before The Friend was founded, *his
Board hail begun the work of evangelization among the Hawaiian people; and although it partially withdrew from this
field in 1863 it has always continued to
grant a certain amount of aid. By a
somewhat rcmarkahle coincidence, it will
cease its gifts and withdraw from further
financial responsibility about the time that
THE FRIEND completes its sixtieth v>ar.
In summing up the results of missionary labors here two facts deserve snecial
emphasis. First, the actual numher of
converts made, and, second, the thoroughness with which Christianity pervaded
every hamlet and nook in the Islands, so
that even today with the native population greatly diminished, a strong religious
sentiment everywhere prevails. \o outwit > reads Rev. Mr. Emerson's article
relating to past church membership, will
deny that the records of the churches
make a remarkable showing. Thai so
main souls should he gathered out of a
waning population is a striking testimony
to the power of the (iospel. These records,
however, represent only the more temporary and passing effects of Gospel effort.
Its more- enduring influence is seen in our
•permanent institutions. These are firmly
established and their benefits are extended
to all. When the people of the Orient
land on these shores, they find themselves
m an environment in which not only is
theire material welfare secured to them,
hut the hand of Christianity is stretched
nil to give them the things needful for
their spiritual good as well. These people have come here by thousands in liie
past decade or two and brought their
heathenism with them without shakhi";
the Christianity of the land in the 'cast,
the contrary it goes boldly and c/>nlidentlv out to give them a new knowledge
and a larger hope.
This mission of Hawaii to the people
who come to her shores is suggestive of
the field of influence which will prohahlv
open to'her in the future. An ocean
cable is already on the way to connect
these Islands with the rest of the world.
A shortened route front Europe and the
eastern coast of the American continent
to Asia seems assured for the not distant
future. 'I'he Hawaiian Islands are thus
likely to become the centre of a teeming
commercial life. The demand for the
maintainance of an aggressive Christian
life within their own borders is a most
strenuous one, while the opportunity for
making their Christianity felt on the rest
if the world is beyond comprehension.
Alio can tell where the influence started
by the little hand of missionaries who
landed here in 1820 will end?
It is to a review of past conditions and
nrogress in these Islands under the
American Hoard, with a glance at our
probable future that our special edition is
devoted. A group of writers familiar
with the facts will tell the story.
(in
�THE FRIEND
4
TheSCaonvdewrischonIsflatnhdse
By
Rev. Judson Smith, D.D., Senior
Secretary of the American Board
Commissioners for Foreign Missions
and influence, because of the peculiar date resumed, and the friendly offices and
conditions which surrounded them. They aid of the Board continued longer than
had reduced the language to written form, were at first expected, the declaration in
producing at once the vocabulary and the 1863 that the Islands were evangelized
grammar; and then they translated the and that the primary responsibility of
Bible into the newly formed language American churches for this work had
and prepared school books and a Chris- been fully met. constitutes a notable
tian literature. They were counsellors as epoch in the history of the Board, and
well as spiiitual fathers to the Kings and foreshadows a like course in the other
leading men ; they aided in drawing out a missions of the Board when the time is
definite form of government, in writing ripe.
out a code of laws, and shaping the whole
No one can forecast the total outcome
fabric of civil government and law. as of this great achievement. We usually
well as of social and religious life. They think only of the work of the gospel in
established schools and developed a sys- behalf of the Hawaiian people,—and that
tem of instruction that was put into oper- was a signal achievement. But that is
ation throughout the islands. Within a only a part of what lias come out, and is
single generation from the beginnings in yet to come out, of that voyage of the
Honolulu, in the year 1852, the native Thaddcus in 1819. Even though the naI [awaiian churches joined with the tive population at length vanishes
American Board in forming, manning, through the inveterate working of disand supporting a new mission in Micro- eases imposed upon them by the white
nisia and elsewhere, only second in inter- people who had visited them a score of
est and success to the original mission to years before the missionaries came, the
the Sandwich Islands. Tt was the first
Christianity is in possession of
instance of strictly foreign missionary ef- these sslands and is molding all the new
fort proceeding from the churches which and varied life that flourishes there —
had been gathered under the labors of Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese, as well as
the Board, and was welcomed with joy Hawaiian,—due primarily to the Amerand rising hone. For one full genera- ican missionaries who labored there, is of
tion the Hawaiian contingent in this new immense significance to the commerce
mission was notable in numbers and in- that is multiplying in these waters and to
fluential in work. The zest which had the political life and civilization that are
attended the conversion of the Hawaiian spreading from this center eastward
Islands and which had made the support along the great highway of the nations.
and reinforcement of that mission among The fathers who, at the call of < md, initithe easiest tasks of the Board, followed ated this Christian work, like all who
the work in Micronesia and has made work with Providence, "budded better
those islands and the Christian work in than they knew." and are worthy of tin'
their behalf peculiarly dear to the lasting praise of mankind.
Through fourscore years the work of
churches of America.
In 1863, only forty-three years from the Board in the Pacific, first in the Hathe landing of the first missionaries in waiian Islands and then in Micronesia,
Honolulu, Dr. Anderson made an extend- has been a bright and shining light in its
ed visit to the Hawaiian Islands, con- record, revealing in peculiar measure the
presence and power of (iod in the renoferred with missionaries and churches vation of personal character and social
and native leaders, and arranged for the life, in furnishing simple people with letclosing of the mission, the merging of the ters, laws, education and religion, and in
missionary force in the community, and demonstrating the sufficiency of the gosthe handing over of the work to local pel for all the needs of man for a true
direction and support. The expectations life. We have rehearsed it for two genwith which this important sten was taken erations with devout thanksgiving and
may have been too sanguine; the capac'tv glory to God; other missionary societies
of the native leaders for administrative have long marked it with admiration and
"ffort and for taking the initiative may set it down among the wonderful works
have been overrated ; and the separation of God in our time. And now, after all
of this mission from the Board may hnve the light of later years has been gathered
been premature. But such progress had upon it, this judgment is justified and rebeen made, the islands were so completely newed and Christian work everywhere is
Christianized, that the suggestion of in- attempted with a zeal and confidence the
dependence was inevitabVe. and the exper- stronger and more invincible because of
iment under some conditions ought to the conversion of the Hawaiian Islands
have been made. And although certain througli the agency of the American
forms of missionary work were at a later Board,
of
The organization in 1819 by the American Board of a mission to the Sandwich
Islands was an event of unique character
even in that day of missionary beginnings,
and awakened a profound and widespread
interest among the churches. When the
members of this new mission were formally organized into a church in Park
Street Church, October 12, 1819, and
eleven days later embarked in the brig
Thaddeus, with their church edifice on
hoard all framed and ready to put up on
their arrival in the field, it was felt that a
step of unusual significance and reach had
been taken, and that the churches of
America were now definitely committed
to the conversion of the Islands of the
I'aiitic, as they already were to the peoples of India p.nd Turkey and the Indian
tribes at home.
The first letters from Mr. Bingham and
his associates, written after their landing
at Honolulu, brought this wonderful tidings: "Kamehameha is dead ; the taboos
are broken; the idols are burnt; the
Moreeahs (temples) are destroyed; the
priests are abolished." The Christian
world was thrilled to learn that providence had thus removed the great obstacles to missionary labors even while
the missionaries were on the wav, and
that God was fulfilling His promise:
"The isles shall wait upon me, and on
mine arm shall they trust." Scarcely was
the language reduced to written and
grammatical form before the message of
the missionaries began to take effect, even
among the chiefs and royal family ; the
first baptized convert was Keopuolani, the
mother of the King. Within eight years
from the landing, unexpectedly to the
missionaries, a gracious revival appeared
almost at the same time on three of the
principal islands, and such was the interest that a single one of the missionaries
had the names of 2,500 inquirers on his
list.
Then, during the second decade, came
those sweeping revivals, in which great
numbers of adults in all the islands were
won to penitence and faith, and were
added to the churches by the thousand,
and a nation seemed to be born in a day.
t oming at a time when missionary workelsewhere moved slowly and converts
were few and obstacles many, this great
success in these islands deepened and
broadened the faith of the missionaries
themselves, powerfully reinforced the
missionary zeal in the churches at home,
and kindled great expectations on all
other mission fields.
The missionaries in these islands assumed a peculiar relation of leadership
�THE FRIEND
Conditions in the Hawaiian Islands before 1820,
and Events Leading to the Formation of
the Hawaiian Mission
By
Mas. Elizabeth Van Cleve Hall
This little group of islands was discovered in 1778 by Captain James Cook, who
named them the Sandwich Islands in
honor of the Earl of Sandwich. It is unnecessary to repeat here the well known
story of this celebrated navigator, suffice
it to say that, while it is probably true
that he permitted the natives to pay him
divine honors, it is quite possible that he
did not as fully comprehend their attitude
toward him as we do now. At all events
he paid the extreme penalty for his fault,
for he was killed in February 1770, at
Kealakckua Bay.
The people were given to tribal wars,
human sacrifices, infanticide, drunkenness, licentiousness, and the various excesses common to savage nations, but
they were not cannibals. They were generous, hospitable and had many amiable
traits.
The common people were serfs, they
had no rights which a chief was bound to
respect. The priests, or kahunas, were
cruelly oppressive. There was a most
galling tabu system with a death penalty
for those who violated its laws. Yet they
had their cities of refuge, like the Israelites of old, to which the tabu-breaker or
man-slayer might tlee for safety.
Captain Cook estimated the population
1778. When Vancouver,
who had been with Cook, returned in
1792| he was shocked at the evidences of
at 400,000 in
depopulation, and when the missionaries
arrived in 1820, the population did not
exceed 150,000. ()ne of the chief reasons
given for this great falling off, is the
practice of infanticide; it is believed that
two-thirds of the children thus perished.
Many ships touched at the Islands in this
interval of forty years, and brought a
number of demoralizing influences. The
natives generally treated the strangers
well, but in 1790 two ships came, the Fair
American and the Eleanor, and one of the
captains, Metcalf by name, treated a chief
with cruel indignity. The enraged natives murdered all the crew of the Fair
American except the mate, Lsaac Davis.
John Young, a sailor from the Eleanor,
was captured also, and these two white
men became influential advisers of Kamehameha. It is doubtless largely due
to their aid that he finally conquered the
whole group. They proved, on the
whole, wise counsellors. In May tBIQ,
Kamehameha the conqueror, died. His
death was the signal for the wildest excesses. In the midst of these orgies the
tabu was broken and, seeing that no dire
calamity followed, the excited people se.
fire to the idols, the high priest llcwahcwa, being the first to apply the torch.
Now about the year 1792, a boy was
born in Hawaii who was destined to have
a great influence. He was of the common people, though his mother was related to the king. When he was about
ten or twelve years old, his parents were
killed in war; and the lad Obookiah, of
()pukahaia, was captured while trying to
save his baby brother.
Obookiah was taken to the home of tinman who had killed his parents, where he
was kindly treated, but very unhappy.
11 ere he was discovered by an uncle, who,
being a priest, succeeded in taking him
from his captor and began instructing
him in the temple service. A few year.s
later, with the reluctant consent ot his
uncle, he left Hawaii in an American
ship, name unknown, commanded by
Captain Brintnall, of New Haven. Then
was also a boy named Hopu in the ship*
company. The boys seem to have been
well treated on ship board and Obookiah
speaks with affection of a young Vale
man, Russel Hubbard, whom he naively
describes as "A friend of Christ," who
taught him from a spelling book and gave
him his first knowledge of the true God.
Captain Brintnall took the boys to New
Haven, where they found good friends.
The interest they awakened led to the
founding of the Foreign Mission School
at Cornwall, Connecticut. Of the first
twelve pupils, seven were Hawaiians.
Obookiah proved to be an intelligent,
faithful student and a sincerely devout
Christian. His heart's desire was to carry
the knowledge of Christ to his old home,
and, with this end in view, he entered
Andover Seminary, where he studied industriously.
He made a beginning at reducing his
own language to a system, and began
work on a grammar, a dictionary and
spelling-book. He also translated the
book of (ienesis.
He seemed to have been born for Ha
vvaii's enlightenment, but was not destined to see it with his mortal eyes, for
in 1817 he was stricken with fever and
died.
His twenty-six eventful years yere not
lived in vain; for, though his lips did not
speak to his people of Christ, his life had
touched the heart of Christian America
and led to the founding of the mission
which, within fifty years, gave Hawaii a
place among Christian nations.
5
�FRIEND
THE
Stations
The
of The
HawaiianMison
By
Curtis
J. Lyons
A large wall ma)) of the Hawaiian
Islands was published by the American
missionaries in 1838, engraved and print
ed at the Lahainaluna Seminary by Hawaiian! educated there. It was a familial
object to those who were children in thosi
days, and the few copies that yet exist arc
valuable as being standard authority on
I lawaiian names. An interesting featur*
the number
open crosses
tit
ich
indicate
symbols used
mission stations. These stations and
was
were the
of
to
the
mission fields dependent upon them are
the subject of this article, and it may be
remarked here that our Catholic friends
upon their later arrival were not slow to
occupy the same system of stations.
Like the Hawaiians we will begin at
the cast ]H>int of Hawaii, where is Cape
Kumukahi. The Hilo station was founded in 1822, Samuel Buggies, teacher, appearing in missionary history as the first
missionary stationed there. Rev. Joseph
Goodrich occupied the post from 1824 to
1836, being the first reporter of the volcano, and the one who met Kapiolani at
Kilauea on her renowned visit to the
crater. Messrs. Dibble and Green spent
brief periods there. I). B. Lyman went
in 1832, and Titus Coan in 1835. These
two names became permanently identified
with Hilo thereafter. The field took in
all of Hilo district and Puna. Mr. Coan's
adventurous trips over the Hilo gulches
with their raging torrents in time of rain,
and to the two volcanoes were vividly
described in the Missionary Herald and
elsewhere. The Hilo Boarding school,
under Mr. Lyman, was a prominent feature of the Hilo station. Aimer Wilcox
as teacher and Dr. Wetmore as missionary physician labored at Hilo in later
years. Altogether it was a most interesting station, really second only to Honolulu.
The next station in order was Waiinca.
whose field included Haniakua and South
Kohala.
Messrs. Judd, Baldwin and
Rtlggles were there in its earliest days.
1820, but Rev, L. Lyons, who reached
the place iii 1832, became the central tig
tire, ami permanent laborer of the post. A
previous article in Tin-: Friend has dcs-
cribed this field. Mr. Lyons was be»t
known from his work in Hawaiian hyninology and Sunday school work, and as a
builder of churches for the different villages of the field, also from his perfect attainment of the Hawaiian language and
the deep hold on the affections of his peopie.
Kohala, i.e., N. Kohala, was diasev
ere 1 from the Wainiea station and OCCU
pied in 1837 by Messrs. Bailey and Bliss
at N'unuhi, at about 2,000 feet elevation.
The station was afterwards, 1841, re-
moved to lole and thereafter occupied by
Rev. L. Bond, a sturdy son of Maine, and
tighter of evil in every form. He established a boys' boarding school preparatory
to Hilo. was active in manual labor and
assisted natives in getting land.
Ixailua, whose field included the north
half of the Kona District, was the first
point occupied by missionaries, dating
from 1820, with Asa Thurston as its
head, the oldest missionary, and to the
time of his death the patriarch of all.
Being a populous country, and peculiarly
associated with ante-missionary times of
Kaniehameha I. it seemed to be connected
intimately with the typical Hawaiian life,
bather Thurston, Kakina, was a favorite
with the people,
well.
and knew their language
VViih him were associated first
�THE FRIEND
the isthmus, and Makawao were intimately connected. Armstrong was a strong
central figure in the history of both till
called to Kawaiahao in 1841.
Wailuktt was occupied by Armstrong
in 1835. He was succeeded in 1841, or
thereabouts, by F. VV. Clark, who was,
after a few years, like his predecessor,
called to Honolulu. Later laborers were
Mr. Bailey, who with Miss ()gden, founded and carried 00 the first girls' boarding
school on the Islands, and was associated
with Mr. Conde, who was the pastor.
maining till 1849. In 1852 Rev. John I). Later Rev. W. P. Alexander was pastor
Paris took the station, returning it to the nearly to the end of his earthly career in
elevated, cool locality tirst occupied. The 1584.'
Kona fields were a great contrast to Hilo Lahaina was in early days in public
and I laniaku.i. Utterly without running matters only second to Honolulu in im.streams and devoid of trade winds, they portance, and was consequently occupied
had preeminently a fishing population. in 1823 by Messrs. Richards and Stewart.
There were not as many subordinate It was a favorite royal residence, and
church buildings as on the other side of nearly equal to Honolulu as a resort for
whale-ships, as Mr. Richards once found
the island.
Kau was originally attached to the to his peril. Dr. Baldwin succeeded RichHilo Station, being a lonely and remote ards in 1835 and was ever afterwards
district, and too much of a task in visita- identified with Lahaina. The Lahainaluna Seminary, established in 1831 on the
tion even for the tireless loan.
The station was at Waiohinu, several higher elevation above the town, had as
miles from the sea, occupied in 1841, by its leading names of educators, Lorrin
Rev. John I). Paris, later by T. Dwiglil Andrews and W. P. Alexander, with
Hunt and later on by Rev. Mr. Kinney many others for assistants.
Molokai, the whole island being one
and still later by Mr. Shipnian. The people of Kau were noted as peculiarly in- field, is indissoluble associated with the
name of Hitchcock, whose home from
dependent, and in olden time rebellious.
I'll is completes Hawaii. Coming to the 1832 on was at Kaluaaha, the nearest
east point of Maui we have I [ana, another point to Lahaina.
I )ahu begins its missionary history with
remote point commanding all the gulchbroken eastern half of the island. It Rev. Hiram Bingham at Honolulu, from
was never a leading point. < lecupied tirst 1820011 for 21 years. ()f course around
by Mr. Conde in 1837; then by Eliphalct this centre clustered many missionary acWhittles)-, who left in 1853. Rev. S. E. tivities, publishing, educational and finanBishop labored there sonic years till called cial management. Dr. Judd was not one
to Laliaiualuna school. On the east side of the least prominent in its history. To
of the Maui isthmus was the station Ma- Bingham succeeded Armstrong, Clark
ka.vao. mostly associated with the name and Rev. Henry Parker. A second
of Jonathan S. Green, the apostle of anti- church. Katunakapili, was founded in
slavervism. Wailuku, on the west side of 1836.
Artcnius Bishop, and at his departure, Dr.
Andrews in i<>37Southern Kona had its station at Kcalakekua Bay, at first adjacent to Rapidlam's home in Kaawaloa. I lere Mr. Buggies lived on the hill known as Kuapchu.
In 1832 Rev. Mr. Forbes took the station, which was removed to Napoopoo
near the sea for the convenience of the
majority of the people. It was always
known, however, as Kaawaloa in ntissionarv annals. Mr. Ives from 1837 to
1847 was associated with Mr. Forbes, re-
7
Kaneohe, on the windward side of
the station for Koolau, occupied by B. \V. Parker in 1834.
Waialua, commanding the north end
of the island, first appears under Fdwin
()ahu, was
Locke as teacher of a manual labor school
in 1X37,and is best known under the subsequent labors of Rev. J. S. Emerson and
Peter J. (iulick.
Ewa intervened between this and Honolulu first under Lowell Smith, then
Artcnius Bishop.
Kauai was in three sections, designated
b\ then central stations, Waiinea in the
southwest, Koloa in the southeast, and
W'aioli on the north coast. Waimea was
occupied immediately at the inception of
missionary work in 1820, by Rev. Samuel
Whitney. It was a place of note as visited by (apt. took, as the location of a
Russian fort, and of the rebellion of the
Kauai chiefs in 1823. It is a warm locality. Mr. (iulick was also stationed for
some yean at Waimea. Mr. Rowcll was
identified with this station after 184(1.
Koloa was a more agreeable station. It
appears to have been founded by Mr. (lulick in 1835, afterward associated with
Thos. I.afon, M. I). In later years Koloa
was known as the charming home of Dr.
James \\ Smith, father of W. < >. Smith.
Waioli, on I lanalei, is a cool but rainy
locality W. P. Alexander was the first
occupant, in 1834, and the early recollections of the family centered there. Abner
Wilcox taught a manual labor school
there for years, and Edward Johnson was
pastor after 1837.
The necessary limits of this article have
only allowed notice of the leading characters 111 the early history of each station.
Due credit is most gratefully given for
the information derived from the "Mis
sionarv Album," published a year or two
since by the Hawaiian Mission Children's
Society.
.
Attitude of the Early Chiefs toward the Missionary Work
By
Rev. S. E. Bishop, D.D.
Among llawaiians the influence of the came earnest Christians. From that time the obligations of courtesy and of perHigh Chiefs was supreme. The chiefs on nearly all their immense authority was sonal honor.
The missionaries applied themselves to
of royal lineage were distinctly marked exerted in favor of the Gospel teachings.
When Messrs. Bingham, Thurston and conciliating these princely personages, as
by superior stature and stately bearing.
They were sacredly reverenced as of their associates arrived in April, 1820, essential to influence with the people.
divine descent. Their royal genealogy they found the young King and his Chiefs Much was at once done in teaching the
of
was reverentially chanted by bards. What living in a dissolute heathen manner, as |chiefs to read, at first in English, many
The
diligent
Their
ladies
pupils.
proving
them
morality.
estimated
civilized
obeyed
by
ordered
was
unquestionably
they
drunken orgies were frequent. Their do- labored hard in making up robes for the
by the common people, their serfs.
favmorals were openly promiscuous. queens and princesses, and fancy shirts
;>
was
thus
token
of
that
mestic
leading
It
oring Providence which prospered the The young King had five regular wives, for the King, also in teaching their fc
missionary work in Hawaii that almost three of them his half-sisters. Most of male servants to sew. In the meantime
from the first the high chiefs were friend- the older chief women had two regular the law of God and Christ's message of
ly in their attitude and became increas- husbands apiece. At the same time salvation were diligently taught. Within
ingly favorable, and that within five years there was an absence of malignant de- two or three years attention to the Dithe leading ones were converted and be- pravity, while there was a high sense of vine Message began to be earnest, and
�8
faith began to dawn in a few of those
dark and sensual souls.
One of the very first cordially to embrace the Gospel was the Queen Dowager
KcopuoLini, the mother of Kamehameha's
three heirs, Liholiho, Kauikeaouli, and
Nahienaena, who inherited from their
mother a strain of "blue" blood superior
to the other children of the Conqueror.
Keopuolani had become devoutly receptive of the Word, while living at W'aikiki.
Removing to her old home at Lahaina
soon after the arrival of the first reinforcement in 1823, she urged that teachers should go with her. Messrs. Rich
ards and Stewart were assigned to that
station. The old queen did not long survive her removal. Before her death she
exhibited most marked evidences of a
lively Christian faith and love, and was
baptised by Mr. Richards. She left the
most strong and earnest testimony to her
fellow chiefs. From that time the adhesion to Christ of most of them, and
their abandonment of 'heathen living became most marked.
The voting King Liholiho, while kindly toward the missionaries, remained
wedded to his dissolute habits. At the
same tune he publicly urged his subjects
to follow the new teachers. Net his personal influence was practically adverse.
It thus seemed to be a special Providence
that removed him from the scene in 1824
when he embarked for England, where
he soon died, having committed th-' supreme power to the able Regent Kaahunianu, aided by the sterling Christian
Premier Kalaninioku.
Kaakumanu was the strongest conquest made for the Gospel. A most stately and imperious personage, she inspired
the greatest awe in her subjects. For
nearly four years, while treating the mis-
THE FRIEND
sionaries with growing favor, she continued to live with her two husbands, the
Tauai King, Kauniualii, and his son, Kealiiahonui, a most handsome-featured and
stately prince. During the fourth year
she put away the younger man, and after
the death of the elder remained single.
From that time on she developed a dcvoutness of piety as warm, and a zeal for
Christ as anient as her previous character
had been stern and unscrupulous. Especially marked was the Regent's per"
sonal attachment to Mrs. Bingham,
whose loving attentions had won her
heart
All the Regent's immense energy and
authority became enlisted in the work of
propagating the Gospel. She vigorously
travelled to all parts of the Islands, commanding the people to accept the teachings of the "Kumus" and to assist them.
The effect was great in securing an outwardly diligent attention of the people to
the Word, although the missionaries often
felt that it was not all sincere. That
powerful support of the Gospel continued
without open antagonism until the death
of the great Regent in 1532.
Another distinguished early friend of
the Gospel was Kapiolani, the daughter
of Kcaweinauhili, the former king of
east Hawaii. Her home was at Kaawaloa, where the Discoverer Cook perished.
She was a very noble chiefess, of stately
yet attractive aspect, and of sweet and
generous nature. She very early gave
her whole 'heart to Christ, put away her
extra
husband and her drinking, adopted
civilized and refined home arrangements,
and threw her whole influence into the
missionary work. Very notable was her
journey in 1824 on foot to the crater of
Kilattea, for the express purpose of defying the power of Pele, the goddess of the
Volcano, whose awe rested terribly upon
the minds of the Hawaiians. Descending
to the "black ledge," Kapiolani refused
the usual offering of berries, and instead,
defiantly Hung stones into the fire-lake.
One of the earliest and most devoted
Christian chiefs was the chief Councillor
Kahinimoku, commonly called "Kry-tnakoo,' who died early in 1827, but had long
been a most devoted and judicious friend
of the missionaries. Greatly in contract
was the behavior of his brother Boki, the
governor of ( )ahu, who was much of
the
time markedly adverse, allying himself to
the dissolute white men who worked
against the Gospel. It was a marked
providence that removed Boki from the
scene, by leading him to embark in 1831
upon a wild expedition to the South Pacific in search of sandal-wood. His fate
was unknown. But the most hostile dement among the chiefs was gone.
One of the most prominent and faithful chiefs in support of the missionaries
was a widow of Kameliaineha. Kalakua,
later known as 1 loapiliwahine. the mother
of Kinau, and grandmother of the two
kings Kanichameha [V and Kameliaineha Y. After the death of Keopuolani,
Kalakua married the hitter's husband,
Hoapili. The two ruled the Island of
Maui, and were always zealous supporters of the work- of Mr. Richards and the
other missionaries on that island. Kala
kua became a most devout and consistent
Christian.
Many other excellent converts might
be named among the early chiefs did
space permit. The noble characters and
generous conduct of these eminent men
and women redeemed their nation from
heathenism, and ensured early and rapid
success for the work of the Messengers of
Salvation.
.The ranslation of the Bible...
T
By
I
Mrs. Lydia Bingham Coan
Such was the pathetic plaint of OpukaMy poor countrymen without knowle of the true God, and ignorant of the haia ((ibookaiah) about the year 1816.
In 1820 there landed on I lawaii a band
ire world, have no Bible to read, no
bath. The Bible is not there, and of pioneer missionaries. Making their
yen and hell, they do not know about way among "multitudinous, shouting, almost naked natives" to "the dingy, tin-
furnished, thatched habitation" of the
savage king, they presented him with an
elegant copy of the Bible, furnished by
the American Bible Society, making
known to him, as far as they were able to
do, the purport of its contents. ()f the
�THE FRIEND
130,000 souls then living in these fair
isles not one knew how to read. Even
their language was an unwritten tongue.
How were they ever to learn the commands and precepts of the Holy Word?
The language must be reduced to writing,
schools must be established, and the great
task of translating the Scriptures into
I lawaiian must be accomplished. To this
task the missionaries set themselves. "To
the Rev. 11. Bingham belongs the honor
of having led the way in this work in the
Sandwich Islands. He translated the first
portion of the Word of God which appeared in the language of Hawaii." It
consisted ( f twelve pages of Luke's Gospel. The Sermon on the Mount followed.
A. Bishop. The reinforcements of later
years brought new helpers and Revs. J.
S. Green, L. Andrews, E. W. Clark and
S. Dibble translated one-ninth. Messrs.
Bingham, Clark and Bishop were the
principal proof-readers. Three of the
Gospels were printed in Rochester, N. V.,
by the returned missionary Loomis. All
the remainder came from the press of the
Mission, located in the old coral-stone
printing house, for many years a marked
feature among the edifices of Honolulu,
hut erstwhile giving way to the growing
needs of Kawaiahao Seminary. Valuable
donations from the American Bible So
cietv and the
Bible Society
aideil in meeting the expenses of publication.
for Mr. 8.. was to have him improve the offer
of a quiet room with Mr. Bishop (at Ewa)
but there were too serious remonstrances here
to be altogether disregarded, and so doing the
best he can between the two studys, mauka and
mokai, he is counting off the chapters in that
book. Among it all I have got such a habit of
Twelve years from the time of their arrival the entire New Testament had been
translated and printed. ()ne-third thereof
was done by Mr. Bingham; one- third by
Mi. Richards; one-fourth by Mr. Thurston; and one-twelfth by Messrs. Bishop
and Andrews. Meanwhile some portions
of the Old Testament had been translated, and the work went on more rapidly
when the New Testament was completed,
i )n the 10th of May, 1830, the Hawaiians
were in possession of the entire Scriptures
in their own tongue. For fifteen years
four missionaries had spent much "anxious and laborious toil" to put this blessing in the hards of the natives. About
one-third of the entire Bible was translated by Rev. Wm. Richards, nearly onefourth by Rev. Asa Thurston, one-fifth by
Rev. H Bingham, one-seventh by Rev.
I Vrhaps an extract from a privat ■ letter
of a missionary mother, giving a little
glimpse of life in those days of zealous
toil may be if interest.
Mr. I'.. took hold of what remained of the
Psalms almost immediately after General Meet
ing. Seeing it to be an impossibility to effect
much in bis study here, we soon devise,! tile
plan of his retreating to bis charming little
sowing of the "good seed" by teaching,
preaching and translating. In the four
concern lest he shall be needlessly interrupted
that I know very little from day to day, and
week to week of indulgence with my pen, my
bpok, or even the rest of my chair.
By the faithful efforts of their teachers
the Hawaiians fast became a nation of
readers, and as God's Word came from
the press there were eager seekers for it.
Tens of thousands of portions of Scripture-, and editions of the entire Bible were
scattered among the people. In almost
every home a copy might be found.
I low rich was the harvest after the
years of the "great revival," over twenty
thousand converts from heathenism, were
received into church fellowship. "The
age of darkness, of wars, of infanticide,
and of human sacrifices had passed away,
and the age of schools, of wholesome
laws, of Bibles, of spiritual sacrifices and
study ill Manoa. making it the early object of revivals, had conic." Twenty-live years
the morning, taking a little hmcb for dinner to
after the plaint of ( Ipukahaia one of his
eat on tile rocks under the trees, and remaining
at bis work until the light of the sun began to countrymen wrote:
I) Holy Bible I glorious and distinguished
(rift of heaven which has been disseminated
through our land. There is no gift so precious,
no treasure to l>e compared with it. It is to be
compared to rich fruit, to hone; exuding from
that it was heaven.
It is the true rule by which
withdraw. Thus the Psalms came to a close.
with care. I can assure you. so far as plodding
I staved
over Hebrew books was concerned.
by the stuff, bouse thronged, beginning with
the dawn of day till he left the door, then
* * *
gathering again before sunset, so
literally in a crowd that he could enter his the crooked hearts of Hawaiian! must be made
doors "and find a scat at table Home time after straight. It is to be compared to the compass
The plan for the by which we can alone be guided to the haven
lamps were lighted.
translation of lvckicl. the only remaining book of rest.
* * *
EaToIrneldyucshtH
ifrniagl awaiians
BProyf.Alexander
WD.
From Thrum's Annual for 1895.
fi
the instructions given to the pioneers
he Hawaiian mission by the PrudenCommittee of the American Board,
find the following passage: "Your
views are not to be limited to a low or
narrow scale; but you are to open your
hearts wide and set your mark high. You
are to aim at nothing short of covering
these islands with fruitful fields and pleasant dwellings and schools and churches,
and of raising up the whole people to an
elevated state of Christian civilization."
�THE FRIEND
10
Again: "To obtain an adequate knowl- ley,
edge of the language of the people; to
make the macquainted with letters; to
turn them from their barbarous courses
and habits; to introduce and get into extended operation and influence among
them the arts and institutions and usages
of civilized life, etc." Among the pioneers first sent out was a farmer, Mr.
Daniel Chamberlain, with a wdfe and five
children, who expected to instruct the
natives in agriculture and the rudiments
of the mechanical arts, but remained only
three years. At that stage of progress,
there was no demand nor Opportunity for
his services.
PRACTICE Of THE MISSIONARIES..
The practice of the missionaries
on
tins subject was by force of circumstances, in advance of their theory.
The Mission stations were so many
centres of civilization, planted at strategitical points, like oases in the desert of
barbarism. They furnished object lessons of family life, examples of the domestic virtues, and practical instruction
in the mechanical arts and in the laws of
health. Fortunately, most of the mission
had tiion or less of Yankee resource, versatility and self-reliance.
The missionary had to be an "allround-man," or "jack-of-all-trades." He
had to act as physician, nurse and peacemaker for his'district. He had also to act
as head-carpenter, mason and cabinetmaker—as dwelling houses and churches
had to be built and furnished out of materials then existing in the forest and in
the sea He generally had to introduce
the use of domestic animals, as well as of
carts and ploughs, and of all the implements of agriculture above the primitive
"o-o," or digger. In this connection, the
missionaries took pains to inculcate upon
the people humanity to animals, both by
oral instruction and in the weekly papers,
The first roads, that were better than
mere foot-paths, were generally due to
their personal exertions.
The old newspapers, the Kinint Hawaii, Xoiitinouii. Hide and the Hat //"watt, etc.. teenn-d with articles on agriculture, on housebuilding, hygiene and kindred subjects. The letters and rcpoits of
that time constantly deplore the physical
and moral evils caused by the habit of
living in one roomed hovels. In their
preaching many of the "fathers" were in
the habit of denouncing "pataualelo," or
laziness, as a deadly sin; and of quoting
Paul's declaration; "He that will not
work, neither let him eat."
were indefatigable in disseminatseeds and cuttings of fruit trees and
owers through the country districts,
lanv a secluded hamlet, or remote val-
Eliev
are dumps of aged fig <>r orange, coffee or mango trees, originally planted at
the instance of some missionary. Most
of these, I think, date from the period
when the common people began to hold
fee simple titles to land.
MANUFACTURE.
COT N
()ne
failed,
vation
cotton
at the
experiment that was tried and
was that of establishing the cultiof cotton and the manufacture of
cloth. The same thing was tried
same time in the Society Islands
by the English missionaries, particularly
on Limco. Miss Brown was sent here in
1835 to give instruction in the arts of
spinning and weaving. In the year end
ing lime, 1839, between 500 and 600
yards of cloth were manufactured at W'ai
luku under her direction. About the same
time Governor, Kuakini, alias Governor
Adams, made an effort to introduce the
manufacture of cloth, and built a cotton
factory ;>t Kailua in [837. In 1839, four
women had learned to weave under the
superintendence of a foreigner, and 400
yards of plain and twilled cotton hail been
manufactured.
But, as might have been
this branch of industry could
not hold its own against foreign competition. There was no protective laritt
here, nor indeed any tariff at all in those
foreseen,
daws.
OBSTACLES TO INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS.
In order to justly appreciate what the
early missionaries accomplished in this
department, it is necessary to considei
wed the difficulties under which they
labored.
i. Consider the deep poverty of the
missionaries on the one hand, and ol the
native people and rulers on the other.
I luring the first twenty years of the mission, a number of precious lives were prematurely sacrificed for lack of necessary
comforts; of proper shelter, wholesome
food and medical attendance. There
were no surplus funds to carry on any
Industrial
educational experiments.
schools involve a very heavy outlay. At
( Iberlin the expense of the system of
mannal labor, to borrow President Fairchild's expression, proved to he "overwhelming." And. in order to keep the
Hampton Institute in operation, it was
necessary for General Armstrong to raise
the sum of $6o.<xx) every year by personal appeals to the liberality of the good
people of the Northern States. Tt was
chiefly this great financial strain that
broke down his health. Tt would have
been a groat comfort to sonic of the
"fathers," if they could have seen the
realization of their ideals in the Kamehameha School.
2. By far the greatest obstacle to all
industrial progress was the old system of
land tenure, and the almost hopeless condition of the common people. As Judge
Lee said in an address, delivered before
the Hawaiian Agricultural Society in
August. 1850:
"Until within the past year the Hawaiian
held bis land as a mere tenant at will, subject
to be dispossessed at any time it might suit the
will or caprice of bis chief or that of bis more
oppressive luna. Of what avail was it to the
common people to raise more than enough to
supply the immediate wants of their subsist
ence? Would the surplus belong to them, or
furnish the means of future independence? Far
from it. It would go to swell the stores of
their despotic lords, who claimed an absolute
property, and who periodically
forth their hordes of luntis to scour the
country and plunder the people without the
shadow of right or mercy. Often these ravagers, these huul-firatrs leave the poor makaai
right in all their
sent
nana (peasant) with little else than bis malt),
dinner and bis calabash. I ibank God that
these tilings are at an end, and thai the I r
Kanaka may now stand on the border of his
his
little taro-patch, and holding his fee-simple
title in his hand, bid defiance to the world."
As long as individual property in land
did not exist, and there was no security
tor personal property, there was little
motive or encouragement for industry or
thrift. The system of forced labor, too.
tended to produce a nation of slinks.
This state of things was partially rem
edied by the Constitution of IX4O. and by
the passage of laws limiting the amount
of taxation and of forced labor, but was
not finally put an end to until the establishment of tile l.and Commission, and
the abolition of the old feudal system during the closing years of Kamehameha
111, s reign.
3. Am ther great obstacle was the
want of a market for the productions ol
•he islands. The principal «rticle ol exwas sandal-wood, of
port before
which the chiefs had a monopoly, and
w hieli only added to the oppressil 111 ol the
people. Even this resource was soon ex-
1830
hausted. Spanish America certainly fur
nished no market for Hawaiian products,
although Honolulu served as an entrepot,
from which foreign goods were smuggled
into Mexico and California, at considerable risk. Sugar was occasionally shipped
around (ape Horn. The amount of it
exported did not exceed live hundred tons
per annum before 1853. Dining that
early period the furnishing of supplies to
the whaling licet was the main resource
of the islands. For many years over one
hundred whalers called annually for
wood, water and fresh provisions. Even
in this traffic, the chiefs probably reaped
the lion's share of the profits.
The domestic market was weak and
easily glutted. An extra crop of potatoes
or corn or beans would frequently
swamp it.
4. In some districts agriculture was
entirely ruined by the encroachments of
�11
THE FRIEND
herds of cattle, chiefly owned by foreign-
ers.
These herds were allowed to increase
without limit, until large tracts of country were completely overstocked, thousands of acres of fertile land laid waste,
and the rights of the native tenants literally trampled under foot. The result was
that the people in these districts became
discouraged and gave Up the contest. In
185 1, fairly good cattle on Kauai were
sold at two dollars a head. Boiling
works were erected in several places,
where cattle were "tried out" for their
hides and tallow
5. ( llhcr hindrances might hi' mentioned, such as the difficulty of transportation when there were no roads except
bridle-paths, and no steamers plying between the islands; the armies of caterpillars and other pests; the stubborn nature of tin' soil, which, in some places, required gangs of ten or twelve yoke 01
oxen to drag a single plow, etc., which
are familiar to all old residents.
.
what efforts were made to supply every
native with, a homestead.
By Father Green's influence, over 1400
acres of land at Makawao were subdivided and granted to Kamaaiiias (or
residents;, in 1847, a year before the
"mahele" (or the Great Division of
Lands). The map of Waialua in like
manner testifies to the zeal of the resident missionary in procuring a grant of
land for every native. Not far from 300,-ixx) acres were thus disposed of in addition to the kuleanas proper.
The efforts of these good men were
now redoubled to stimulate the natives to
industry and thrift, and their hopes were
raised by the opening of a new market in
California, hor example, the upper part
of the land in Kamaole in Kula having
been found to he well adapted to the cultivation of Irish potatoes, it was surveyed
up into ten-acre lots and sold to natives.
Unfortunately, the boom in potatoes was
short-lived, and in a few years we were
importing instead of exporting them.
C
THE ULTURE OF WHEAT.
THE DIVISION OF LANDS.
At last, in 1848 and the following
years, the great reform for which the missionaries had labored and prayed so long,
was carried into effect, and the poor,
down-trodden serf became a free-holder
and a citizen. < >vcr eleven thousand kuleana awards were issued at that time.
As these awards were generally small, the
Government proceeded to divide up the
most desirable portions of its lands into
small lots, which were sold mostly to
natives at nominal prices. The records of
the land office ami our title maps show
The culture of wheat was entered into
with great enthusiasm by bather Green.
He felt, with good reason, that it was a
civilizing industry. He said that he was
once thrilled by the though that he "was
engaged in a noble business —a business
in which Paul or John might engage, if
they were on earth, without a single
twinge of conscience." In 1851 he could
look out from his front door over a hundred acres of wheat, waving in the wind,
and the production of it in his district
rose to 25,000 bushels a year. The same
thing was tried in VYaioliimi, Kau, under
Mr. Shipman's influence
I line Hour
mills were built at Wailuku and IstSJOlulu, but, in about ten wars, the business
finally failed from California competition.
THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Royal Hawaiian Agricultural So
ciety, formed in 1850. was a most useful
and creditable institution, and we have
nothing to show at present equal to it.
P>y its discussions, its annual exhibitions
and premiums, and by the introduction of
improved varieties of plants and domes
tic animals, it was of great service to this
country. Its printed transactions even
now are interesting reading.
Local
branch societies were formed on the different islands, and every effort made to
interest the natives in its objects. No
more zealous members of thai society
could be found than many of the old mis
sionaries.
After the death of Kaniehaineha 111,
from various causes, a reaction set in, ex
ports declined, coffee was given up, the
whaling licet fell off, and finally perished
111 the Arctic Ocean in 1871, and sugar
planting advanced very slowly, with
many failures, until the passage of the
Reciprocity Treaty.
To conclude, it is difficult, in the view
of all the circumstances, to see how the
American missionaries could have done
more than they did to promote industry
among the I lawaiians.
If the result of their labors in that department fell far short of their hopes and
desires, the failure must be ascribed to
causes entirely beyond their control.
The Great Revival of 1837-8
By
This wonderful outpouring of the Holy
Spirit was doubtless the most conspicuous of the many Divine interpositions to
secure the redemption of Hawaii as a
Christian nation.
From the beginning of the Mission in
lBao, a vast amount of diligent and successful labor had been performed, and
great results accomplished. A majority
of the people had been taught to read.
The Xew Testament and most of the Old
had been printed. Many school books
had been published. Lahainaluna Seminary had been for six years in active operation for training teachers and preachers. A wide and thorough seed-sowing
of the Gospel had been made. A large
Rev. S.E. Bishop, D.D.
proportion of the leading chiefs as well as
of the more intelligent common people
had been gathered into the churches.
Fifteen regular stations were now occupied by white missionaries, some forty
families in all. At these stations churches
were organized with a total membership
of 1,108, the largest church of 281 members being in Honolulu. Among these
were a great number of very earnest and
consistent Christians. The nation as a
whole may be said to have been nominally Christian. There was no open opposition to the Gospel. The Sabbath was
outwardly observed. The people assembled for worship in good numbers
both at the mission homes and out-stations. Often the spiritual experiences of
native Christians were deep and tender,
and local revivals
ited extent.
would occur to a lim-
et the great mass of the people were
living on stupidly in their heathen grossness. Their social morals were deeply
depraved and promiscuous. Superstitious practices everywhere abounded, although no public idolatry. There was always a grave danger of a recrudescence
of the ancient idolatry towards which the
heathen nature of the race preserved an
inveterate proclivity, only held in check
by the powerful authority of the large
band of faithful pious chiefs, like Kalakua, Kapiolani, Kinau, Hoapili, Kuakini
and many others.
Many of the later arrivals among the
missionaries had experienced the blessed
power of the wonderful revivals which
�THE FRIEND
12
pervaded New York and other states, es- decnicr was urged on the people with
pecially under the preaching of Charles strong entreaty. "The topics lif discourse
(i. Fbmey. Such men were Dibble, (nan. were such as these: the Gospel a savor ol
Lyons, and Lowell Smith, whose souls life and death ; the danger of delaying rehad felt the peculiar kindling of the pentance; sinners not willing that Christ
Spirit, and who brought with them His should reign over them; halting between
peculiar llame. Signs of the special heav- two opinions; the balm of Gilead; CJod
enly Power began to be marked (luring not willing that any should perish."
the year
especially at the General {Andersons Sandwich Islands.)
Meeting in Honolulu, when a new accesProbably the most striking manifests
sion of thirty-two men and women were tioiis of the power of the Spirit were seen
added to the missionary force. The mis under the labors of Rev. Titus Loan in
HKV
TITt'S COAN,
sionaries returned to their stations with
deeply kindled hearts, full of love for
souls, Earnest attention to the Gospel
began everywhere to appear. The Spirit
was coining with power.
Active measures of special work were
taken throughout the fields during the lat-
ter
half of
1837.
Protracted
meetings
were held, in which several missionaries
would unite at one station. There was
preaching with large assemblies.
to the word was
aroused. God's grace through the Keearnest
A
profound attention
Iliio and Puna, who wrote: "During all
Hilo was crowded
the years of
with strangers; whole families and whole
villages in the country were left, with the
exception of a few ol the old people.
( >ur gnat
native house of worship, nearly
200 feel long ]i\ S5 wide, was crowded al
most in suffocation, while hundreds re
niaiiicd outside unable to cuter.
The Word fell with power, and some
limes as the feeling deepened, the vast
audience was moved and swayed like a
forest in a mighty wind."
The wonderful work became general
through all parts of the Islands. < httsidc
of Hilo. it was doubtless the most active
in the field of Rev. Lorenzo Lyons of
Waimea. Put all of the churches and
stations felt the power in a marvellous
and pervasive degree. The present writ
er, then a lad of l l. vividly recalls the
immense and deeply moved congregations
at his father's station at b'.wa, ami what
seemed a supernatural power in the
preacher's tones. He witnessed the bap
iis.m there of 400 converts in one day, in
the presence of (1,000 people assembled
under 1 vast lanai.
At Hilo, Mr. Loan baptized 1.705 con
verts in one day. I luring the year ending
April 30, 1839, lie received into the church
5,244 persons, and <;.ix;i during three
years. During the same period Mr.
Lyons received (1,177 persons, his district
embracing Waimea, Hamakua and Ko
hala. Including the whole group, i').77.i
new members wcti' added to the churches
111 '.luce years from a population ol 120,
000. Four-fifths of these came in during
the first two. The increase of tin' churches
was seven'ecu-fold.
Mr. Loan.-, recorded inward exper
iciicc was that of the missionaries gencr
ally. I lew litis; "I felt that the very
chords of my heart were wrapped around
11l those days and
111) hearers.
years I never rose to address a native
audience without feeling an assurance
that a Divine power rested upon me, and
that Death ami Hill could no| withstand
tin Word of God.
The masses
of otir people were moved and swayed as
the forest is swayed by a mighty wind.
Converts were multiplied l>\ the thousands, and they came rushing into the
opui gates of /.ion like clouds of doves."
This great Revival was the spiritual
birth of the Hawaiian people. It truly
regenerated them into a Christian nation
from being in a large degree a heathen
one. The whole mass of the people became permeated with a vital sense of the
reality of Christ's Kingdom and of the
Heavenly powei of nis Gospel. Ibis
great work of (kid supplied the lacking
moral and Spiritual renovation which
changed and elevated their prevailing
sentiments so as to render the nation cap
able of begetting and cherishing the vast
civil reforms which followed in the next
decade.
�THE FRIEND
13
BuH
ildCnh.iguEnrcary awaii..
ByRev. S.E. Bishop, D.D.
i.\
In an old journal of the writer's father.
tin' Rev A. Itishop, then missionary at
Kailua, is the foll< wing:
"January 18, 1826 Gov. Adams
(Kuakiui) and all the other chiefs, to
gethel" with all the men of the place, left
here this morning for Keauhoti, to cut
v\( iod for a new church."
This well illustrates the immense labor
and activity vvilh which the chiefs and
people zealously united in church-build
illg. The writer, then a child, well re '
members In the thirties that immense
(hatched structure, with its lofty posts
and huge rafters. These were all cut by
the Governor and his people in the great
inland forest, probably six miles from the
sea, to which the timbers were hauled by
men.
That church was probable 11 x> feel by
50, holding 1,000 people. It was burned
and replaced the next year l>\ a
in
stone structure still standing. That also
was built by the chiefs anil people. Men
dived for bunch coral to burn for lime
with ohia logs carried on their shoulders
from the mountain.
When we removed in 183(1 to I'.w.i. the
adobe walls of a large church were already partly elected by the people under
vi.v on iitrii r.rii.iMN'ns
the direction uf their chiefs and ol Rev.
Lowell Smith, our predecessor. Rev. A.
ISi shop continued the work, and frequently went up several miles into the mountains with the native gangs after roofing
timbers, which were hauled to the hillThat old
tup wiih great shoutings.
church stood until about twenty years
ago, when it was replaced by the present
vv 01 iden edifice and steeple.
In 1837. Rev. Lowell Smith induced the
building of the old Kaumakapili church
with adobe walls and a steep thatched
roof, with overhanging lanai. very similar to the old b'.vva church. The walls of
both churches wire well plastered, inside
and out. A fine brick church with two
steeples, some fifteen or twenty years ago,
replaced the old adobes of Kaumakapili.
( \dobcs are large brick of dried mud and
straw A
The great Kawaiahao stone church,
Still in use after much renovation, was a
labor of pride and love by King Kauikcaottii and his royal chiefs, who felt an
ownership in it. The corner-stone was
laid in (839. It was dedicated two or
three years later.
The earliest stone church in the Islands
was the Waincc structure at Lahaina,
built
by
Gov. Iloapili, advised by Rev.
W'ni. Richards, in 1833. Many other
stone churches were erected by chiefs and
people during the succeeding fifteen
years, at all if the mission stations, re
placing the decayed thatched structures.
Many of these are still in use.
In the work of church-building, the
chiefs led the way, both by use of authority and by contributions of money. But
the common people eagerly co-operated,
both with money, materials ami labor.
They fell a peculiar pride in creating a
fine meeting-house. It has always been
easy to raise contributions for churchbuilding, when for nothing else. From
1850 on, the plain square white houses of
worship became conspicuous in the larger
country village., long before any dwellings of civilized form were visible.
Steeples were not common during the
first forty years of the Mission. Lahaina.
Kawaiahao. and Kailua stone churches
were perhaps the only ones with tower or
steeple. 1'ills began t<> be procured in the
early thirties, and were objects of great
ambition to the people, before they came,
the sonorous note of the great conch shell
resounded over the hills, calling the people to worship.
�14
THE FRIEND
The Partial Withdrawal of the American Board in 1863
By.
Rev. O.P. Emerson
After forty years of laborious service,
when many of the missionary fathers had
grown old and infirm and some had
passed away, those still in the field began
to face the problem of the sources of sup
ply lor the continuation of their work.
At then animal meeting in \Xi>\ in dis
cussing the situation with Dr. Rtiftis An
demon Foreign Secretary of the American Hoard, who was visiting the Islands,
Iwo views were developed: one was very
radical and the other somewhat conser
vative,
The radical view looked I'm the mimed
iate ending of the depciidenl condition of
the Hawaiian churches, According to it
the age of paternalism had passed and
that ol proper independence had come.
The missionary basis of operation was to
give place lo one which should be eecles
iastical. No additional missionaries were
to be sent by the \inerican Hoard. It was
to giant further aid cmly in support of
tlmse already on the ground. When new
teachers should be required, ihev were to
be suiighl among the people and receive
support directly from llicin. The mini
her of native preachers was lo be in
creased and from their slate of tutelage
and dependence upon the missionary fatli
els, the\ were to be raised to an equal
ecclesiastical standing with them. It was
claimed that it was necessary for the
churches to assume self-support anil il
ibis were achieved, il would be no more
than just thai they should have their own
pastors and thai these should be iudepen
dent. Il was thought ihat their Christian
character warranted independence, and
that if it were once granted their growth
would In greatly stimulated,
There was little dissent from the gen
etal view of the wisdom of the formation
in time of .in independent native ministry.
Il was agreed that the missionary basis of
operation ought finally lo be shifted to
one which should he ecclesiastical. The
necessity of asking the churches to as
(time self support as soon as possible was
fully realized, economy demanded it. In
view of the needs of other and larger
fields, the American Roard could not lie
expected to continue indefinitely to sup
ply the Hawaiian churches with mission
.tries. Japan and China were beginning
to open their doors. The missions already
established in Asia Minor. India and
South Africa required indefinite enlarge
inenl.
The few thousands of people in
these small islands stood compared with
the millions of the great continents and
those who bore the serious responsibility
of deciding upon the claims of their respective fields could not with good con
sciences continue to devote such large
the Hawaiian mission as it had
hitherto required, fruitful though it had
been to so remarkable a degree. The
mission had become a colony. The sons
and daughters of the missionaries were
on the ground and the responsibility <>f
continuing the work of their fathers and
mothers was very properly laid on ibein.
Moreover, it was impracticable t<> try
to carry on the work after the old llieth
ods. The communities to which the fatli
ets ministered had once been populous
and important parishes, hut llie popula
tioii was fast decreasing, vet still scat
lered over an extensive territory; onh
with increasing difficulty could the na
I ives be hn uighl to nieel at I he Centres f< >r
religious instruction. The change in the
life of the people called for a change of
method in reaching them. The apana, 01
branch church, had become a necessity
lather Paris had eight in his parish. In
order to hold the people ti i church attend
ance these branch churches must be
manned. The missionary could not be in
them even Sunday, hence the need of a
stuns to
:
native ministry.
Furthermore, for mam complex rea
sons, among them a growing intelligence
ami independence, and later race pre jII
dice and political parli/anship fostered by
tin- King, the people would not have received new missionary pastors as they
had received earlier ones. Ihev clung to
the fathers and after them the) preferred
teachers of their own nationality. Some
of the sons of the old missionaries had
become acceptable leaders, bill their
know ledge of I he language and sympathy
with the people were inborn, Such men
as llisiiop, Parker, Forbes and the Lit
licks, have rendered the natives most ac
eeptable service, but the leadership of new
missionaries would have been regarded
wiih a certain indifference.
The fathers suggested a more gradual
change and events seem to have proved
their wisdom. While regarding self slip
port and independence as the goal, they
believed that it should not be approached
Ihev knew the weaknesses
too hastily,
of the native character, and the paternal
relation they had always sustained to
wards the I lavvaii.ins made ibein solic
iious with regard to placing ihem in posi
lions of trial where so much would be at
stake. Their views, expressed in a series
of resolutions passed at the annual meet
ing of iB6O, arc summed upas follows:
Thai the
establishment of evangelical
churches among tin- aborigine* at these
Inlands, mill the ordination of a native mi"
istrv. have hrcii an important ultimate object
of all mir labor* a-- misMonarie*, i-' That
there an- number!) among tin- name churches
who m») be licensed or ordained to preach the
>
�THE I'TIIKNU
■Mpd with the prospect of usefulness. (3)
That we never have disapproved of the ordination of Hawaiian* to the ministry, where, in
I lie providence of (iod. the action M-cincd called
for and whew suitable candidates could lie
found. On the contrary, we have been most
willing and desirous tliat experiments of tin-.
kind should he made. (4) Nor have we heen
grwitly disappointed in this work. Mosl of
1 hose who have heen ordained have run as well
as collld he expected. They have s| I fast in
tin- faith ;iiid labored with acceptance and use
fulness. (5.) Itul mi account of mile trails in
ihe native character, and especially a* their
fund of Biblical knowledge W small, ami their
facilities lo Bccniire u very limited, we would
recommend 111.1t nmsl ni the candidate-- he first
licensed or ordained a-- evangelists, or circulal
inn preachers, and thai Ihe act of installment
over particular churches lie performed with
great discrimination and care, (ft) We also
ovuiiiiicnd thai for the present, nalnc linn
islerx be not considered as coordinate with
the missionary fathers; that il is not desirable
ih.ll 111.-\ ni in all limits independently of
llieir teachers, hut thai a Kind, a paternal and
healthful supei \ isiun he exercised over ihcm,
always advisory; so far a-, (be can 1 of truth
.mil order can be lluis secured (7) And we
further recommend, in order Ihe more fully lo
carry into effect Ihe views herein expressed,
Ill.li ihe pastors and ministers on the foot
larger islands, form themselves, as soon as eon
.1
vinieiit, into local associations lor mutual mi
provrmt ni. but more especially with reference
in the exercise of supervision and control over
the churches wilhin Irnrir respective hounds,
counseling and directing ilieiu in all matters ol
difficult discipline, 111 the calling or dismissal
of pastors, 01 111 any oilier matters which their
piritunl interests may require.
these progressive
Notwithstanding
though cautious views, the venerable See
relate hit the necessity of urging itiuned
iate action towards establishing indepen
deul native churches. lie was as sail
giiinc as the missionaries were cautious
and thought il possible that the ability
and strength of ihe Hawaiian character
was underrated.
To his strong appeal
tile) V iclded.
Tints at the annual meeting of IHftjf,
the Hawaiian F.vangelical Association
Ceased lo lie the deliberative bmlv of the
15
fathers exclusively. Thenceforth it also transition in the life of the people from
became an arena of debate for the native old to new conditions, a period of great
material expansion, of serious governleaders of the churches. Passing thus mental
disturbance and much bad political
from the dependent relation, the Hawaii- leadership, It is to the credit of the naan churches and pastors attained their tive Christianity that it made a stand
majority at a single step and the body of against the kahunaism and exceeding cormen forming the Hawaiian Board vvas ruption of the Kalakauaii court.
appointed to he ihe executive arm of the
Account must also he taken of the
Hawaiian I'vangelical Association.
Asiatic invasion of the last fort) ye.its.
Then began in good earnest the work during which the number of this alien
of training a native ministry and in time and pagan population has increased from
die extensive parish areas of the twenty 1,000 lo 100,000. ni the change that has
churches, established by the fathers, were been made ill the language of the public
subdivided into fifty nine parishes, pre schools, I'.nglish being now used instead
sided over by native pastors.
of Hawaiian, which has put the young
Ii ni iiii.ilily, the change came when people out ol touch with the religious
many of the missionaries were living and teaching and literature of their fathers
could watch every step that was taken and the leadership nf (heir pastors.
It would have been far better if, dill
iinl act as guides into ihe methods ol the
new order, and it was years before tin' i:ig these years of their aiilntioiilv the na
native pastors in most ol the fields were rive Christians had had 111 ire while mis
simian leaders, at leasl one or I w
ictuallv left to themselves.
each
island. Such
would have been
I luring these \ ears of independence the of great assistance men
Hoard and Us
t"
the
Hawaiian churches and pastors have not Secretary. This is the ideal plan hich
v
wisely.
natural
it
.ilw.'ivs aeled
It was
lb
we are still trying to earn into full prac
when the) had lasted the sweets ol jiowcr tree, for only ibis will meet our need
ihev should bei'iitne somewhat restive ol
I'lic n cord o.f ihe tirst |'i 1! i\ wars of
niitiul li was lo be expected that they ihe
independence of ihe I lav aiian
should make mistakes and sometimes like
churches
now closed. It has been a
backward steps and thai sonic of them period ol is dependence
in independence,
should fail utterly.
for during all this while the American
(For sonic further details of the re Hoard has been back of us with its strong
siills of Ibis change we would refer to the moral aid and material support. It has
article "Church Membership of highly been a period ol slruggle and heroic el
Years." I
fort, during which main a native minister
Though it is probable that ihe more and many a native missionary has made
conservative method of advance advised a record for his people and his church.
by the fathers would have won a greater And now that tin entire support of the
success, if il had been followed, it cannot American Hoard is withdrawn from us,
be saiil truthfully thai the plan adopted we believe thai the native Christians,
was a failure of that the churches as a wilb the aid and support that we ought
1 light lor a to give ibein. will hravelv continue the
whole did not make a g
truly Christian standard of life. Their work of upholding the truths which the
period of activity has been one of rapid fathers gave into their safe keeping.
The Hawaiian Evangelical Association
RBeyv.Emerson
O.P
11l closing a series of articles on "Re
ligiotis Life in America," which are the
fruii of much careful observation, ay lit
el ill the I hitlook concludes that the
churches of the Tinted Slates ate the
strongest ethical force in the life of the
people. The conclusion is a just one for
ibis latest horn territory of the Great Republic; for whatever religious life the
people of Hawaii possess, gets its chief
support from the churches' and their tninislrv.
When we go a step further and ask
what organization! arc at work in lla
IB2J to 1554, with hut seven exeep
lions. It is interesting to note the brief
Inn eloquent preamble with which tin liisi
meeting opened. "We, the undersigned.
ministers and missionaries of the Lord
Jesus Christ in the Sandwich Islands, be
ing set for the defense of the truth, and
for the enlightening of the (ientiles, agree
to unite in an association for mutual improvement and mutual aid in laying the
foundation, maintaining the order and
building up the house of the Lord in these
islands of the sea." In 1K54 the General
intally for thirty one consecutive years, Meeting became the Hawaiian Kvaugcl-
waii back of its churches and preachers,
making tliein a living power, we must put
in the front rank the Hawaiian Evangel
ical Association, its affiliated Island Assn
ii a lions and its t Vntral Mission.'! rv I'maid
The Hawaiian Kvangclical Association
comprises all ordained clergymen of the
Congregational order of the Hawaiian
Islands, both native and foreign, together
with specially elected lav delegates. The
meetings are representative of a revered
past. There was first the "General Meet
ing" of the missionary fathers, held an
In mi
�16
ical Association, which was again remodeled in i Si> by being opened to the
representatives of the native churches.
Thus for eighty years these annual meetings have been held and their influence
over the life of the people has been very
great.
THE FRIEND
The Island Sunday-school Associations
with them and add greatly to the
interest of the occasions.
Thi Board of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, commonly known as the
Hawaiian Board, is the organ of its continuous activity and power and is also an
outgrowth of the early days. The Hawaiian Missionary Society of the fathers,
which was formed in 1851 for the conduct of their missions in Micronesia and
the Marquesas and was active twelve
years, was its predecessor and was dissolved in 1563 on the organization of the
Hawaiian Hoard. This Hoard meets
monthly, receives, collects and disburses
inei't
The Association is a deliberative body
with certain judicial and executive functions. Its meetings are conducted in the
Hawaiian language, are held in June of
every year and, continuing several days,
form the chief event of the year for the
Associations and churches interested
Composed from the membership of the
four local Island Associations, it hears
their reports and appeals. It also elects its funds, and has the oversight and conan Executive Hoard of thirty-three mem- duct of its
missionary work. Last year
bers, its Secretary and Treasurer and re- the disbursements amounted to $111,781.
ceives their yearly reports.
It comprises among its members some of
The four Island Associations, each of the best Christian workers, the largest
which holds semi-annual meetings, attend contributors to missions and the ablest
to the local ecclesiastical work, maintain business men of the Territory. Twentychurch order and perform the part of the two are white men. eleven arc natives,
local Council and Association of the most of the former being representatives
Mainland combined Their meetings are of the old missionary families. Many are
a stimulus to the laymen and the clergy themselves missionaries and with the
corresponding secretary and treasurer, at
tend lo the active work of the Hoard as
superintendents of the missions, two of
which are still foreign, to si\ and more
different races at ihe same time, writing,
editing and issuing various publications.
constantly at work, establishing and en
outraging churches, schools and missions,
studying the news ami carrying forward
the interests of the various fields, the)
gain the confidence and support, not oiilv
ol the people, but of many corporations
throughout the Islands, with the effect
that is increasingly felt.
The constituency of the Hawaiian
Evangelical Association, which for forte
years was limited to the missionary fathers and thereafter for another forty years
has been mainly Hawaiian, is undoubtedly destined, in order to meet the needs of
the future, to experience a still greater
change during the next forty years and to
include in its representation the growing
Asiatic elements, which already constitute
two-thirds of our population.
This
change will come as fast as the barrier of
language, which now prevents free intercourse, can be removed.
�'Till-: FRIEND
TFhe oreign
Missionary
Work Under the Hawaiian Evangelical Association
By
Rev. O.H. Gulick
communication between the Hawaiian
Islands and the several stations of the
Micronesia field until the close of the
nineteenth century, when the last of the
series of vessels bearing the name of
Morning Slur was counted unseaworthy
and sold in San Francisco.
In March, 1853,a year after the founding of the mission to Micronesia, a chief
named Matunui from one of the Mar
ipti'sas Islands arrived at Lahaina in a
waii, and the interest of the llawaiiai whale ship with a son-in-law of his, who
churches was warmly .awakened in thi
missionary advance to the then littl
known islands of Micronesia, lying twi
thousand miles to the southwest of I lono
The Hawaiian Evangelical Associatioi
assumed its present form of organization
in 186.1, but the foreign work of the na
tive Hawaiian churches took its ris
eleven years earlier or in 1852, at th
tune that the American Hoard sent out it
first missionaries to Micronesia.
Thai company consisted of Re\
Messrs. Snow, bturges, and Dr. L. H
(iulick, and their wives. Dr. (iulick wa
one of the children of the mission to I la
lulu.
\\ Inn these three families were located
in Micronesia, the record tells US that
each station had one of the native 11a
waiians as associate missionary. ( hie of
these men, named Kaaikaula. with his
wife was located with Mr. Sturgcs on
I'onapc until his death in 1859, greatly
honored as a useful and faithful mission
ary. Tor fifty years from the installation
of that mission in 1552 to the present
time, the native Hawaiian churches have
had their representatives in the mission
work carried on in Micronesia.
The fust Morning Star, a vessel of 15(1
tons built by the contributions of the
Sabbath School children of the American
churches, arrived in Honolulu in April,
1557. bringing Rev. and Mrs. Hiram
Bingham as passengers from Boston.
In her Tirst voyage to Micronesia she
took them and a married Hawaiian helper to Apaiang ol the Gilbert group. 'This
white winged messenger and her successors afforded a reliable means of annual
was a native of the island of Maui, lie
was from the island of batuhivva, and
came to ask that missionaries might be
sent to Ins country to teach the people
about the true Cod. He desired white
Protestant missionaries, but would be
thankful if he could secure some native
I Hawaiian teachers. 'This call sent a thrill
through the native Hawaiian churches,
and, Under the inspiration of the true
missionary spirit, gave liberally of their
means, for sending forth a native Hawaiian mission to those islands. Not only
did they give of their money but two of
the best men of the land. Rev. James 11.
Kekela, and Rev. S. Kauwcaloha, with
their wives, volunteered to go as missionaries for the blessing and Uplifting of the
most savage cannibal islanders ol the Pa-
cific
17
(Icean.
Mr. Kekela had for perhaps
three years been pastor of the church at
Kaliuku on the island of ( tabu, and Mr.
Kauwcaloha had heen for a short term
pastor of a church on Maui. 'The wives
of these two pioneer missionaries were
among the most beloved graduates of the
Wailuku girls' school, and proved themselves to be worthy partners of the noble
men whom tluy accompanied to the dark
Islands.
am! dangerous Manptesau
These two men after forty-nine years of
missionary service still live, the one Mr.
Keki'la now in his native land, the other
still on UapoU where his life's service has
been expended. Mis. Kekela died a tew
months ago, Mrs. Kauwealoha having
passed away some years bcloie.
Rev. James Ixckela carries a large gold
watch on the case of which is inscribed
"From the President of the United States
to James Kekela." In the year [864 a
trading vessel of piratical character,
touched at I'tiauiau on the island of Hi
vaoa of the Marquesan group. Some of
the natives of the island going on board,
were made prisoners and carried oil, as
slaves to Hern.
A petty chieftain, the father >>fa young
man thus enslaved, resolved to take vengeance upon the first white man he might
meet. Perhaps a year later a whale ship
touched at this harbor, where was the
home of tins Hawaiian missionary. The
mate of the ship, a Mr. W'halon, landed
with a boat's crew to purchase provisions,
when the enraged father made a sudden
attack upon the company, all of whom
with the exception of Mr. VVhalon escaped to the boat and returned to their
ship. 'The angry savage and his companions made immediate preparation for a
feast of human flesh. Word of the event
soon reached the ears of our missionary,
Mr. Kekela, who hastened at once to the
scene of the proposed feast, and to the rescue of a brother man whom he had never
seen. In vain his pleadings, with the
�THE ERIE NT)
18
fierce and vengeful savage for the life of
this white man who had done him no
wrong. This man's life was forfeited for
the life of his son. Then the earnest missionary proposed to purchase the victim
from his unrelenting captor. He made
one offer, and then another, when, at last,
the master of the morrow morning's feast
said, "You give me your new six-oared
whale boat and you may have the white
man." "It is a bargain," said the missionary, when the thongs were removed
and the captive seaman went rejoicing to
the home of his benefactor. Later through
the influence of another chief the angry
man was content to receive a gun and
some other things in place of the boat.
The story of this act of mercy toward
one of "Uncle Sam's web-footed sons"
reached the cars of President Lincoln,
hence the much prized gold watch.
During this half century of missionary
work there have been not less than tiiirty
men who with their wives have been sent
forth by the native Hawaiian churches
and have labored for the salvation of the
heathen and the up-building of Christian
communities among the once benighted
peoples of the Marquesas and Micronesia
At present the Hawaiian missionary
force in the field is reduced to two families in the Marquesas, and one in Micronesia.
The whole number of native Hawaiians who have been called to the Gospel
ministry in the past fifty years has been
about one hundred and twenty, hence, as
we have seen, one-fourth have been sent
out as missionaries to the two fields mentioned. As a rule picked men have been
commissioned as missionaries to go to
these foreign fields, and the results have
been most encouraging. Many of these
have proved themselves to be men of
Cod; lights shining in the dark places of
the earth, and winning to a better life and
to happiness, those who had sat in darkness, and in the region and shadow of
death.
Eleven of those who for longer or
shorter terms have been abroad as missionaries, and who for family reasons or
on account of health have been compelled
to return to their native land, are now
with us. Seven of these are now filling
pastorates on these Hawaiian Islands.
'The experience in this their home land
with these returned missionaries shows
us that the resolve to devote one's self to
the self-denying life which has been the
lot of each one who has gone abroad, has
lent strength and consecration to the
whole of the later life.
'The benign reflex influences of the
missionary work of the Hawaiian
churches have been most beneficial. This
work for the past thirty-nine years has
been conducted under the auspices of the
Board of The Hawaiian Evangelical Association.
A careful estimate of the expenditure
Of the native Hawaiian churches during
the past thirty-three years, upon their foreign missionary work gives us. .$ 78,000
or an average per year of $2,360.
The expenditure of these
churches during the preceding
seventeen years cannot lie fully
ascertained, but, a moderate estimate may be made at $2,000 per
3-b 000
year, or
'This gives us upon a conservative estimate for the fifty
$112,000
years, the sum of
the
of
Hawaiian
as
the
gifts
churches, in cash, for the Chris-
tianization of the Marquesas and
Micronesia groups of islands.
MiH.saTwohneCS
ldr' ociety..
By
This unique and historical society dates
back to the year 1852. At that time the
islands had been largely evangelized.
The families of the missionaries were
rapidly growing up around them. Many
of the older children had been sent to the
United States for further advantages in
education. The foreign community outside of the missionary circle was small,
and all social and literary advantages centered in missionary families. The fathers
and mothers had always addressed each
other as brother and sister, and as the
blood-relatives of all these families were
separated by two oceans, small wonder
was it, that the children reared so intimately together felt like relatives and
called themselves cousins. The school at
i'unahou gathered together a fine nucleus
for organization. And then the incentive
came! Luther Halsey Culick, M.D., the
eldest son of Rev. Peter J. and Mrs. Fannie T. Gtttick, early sent to the United
States for education, returned with his
young wife, Mrs. Louisa Lewis Gulick—
both of them full of missionary zeal and
enthusiasm. With Rev. and Mrs. IL G.
Snow, and Rev. and Mrs. A. A. Sturgcs,
they were bound westward to commence
a new mission in Polynesia, to be called
the Micronesian Mission, which was to
enlist also members of the native Hawaii-
Miss Martha A. Chamberlain
The
Stay in I lonolulu of three months resulted
in the formation of the Hawaiian Mission
Children's Society, or, as more familiarly
known, the "Cousins' Society." The
quaint little adobe schoolhouse with its
dec]) arched windows and whitewashed
walls which is still standing in the rear of
Kawaiahao Church, a building planned
and built under the personal supervision
of Mrs. Sybil M. Bingham, was the
birthplace of this Society, and for many
years all the anniversaries were held
there. The original Preamble of the Constitution reads thus:
an churches in foreign missions.
We, the children of the American Protestant
Mission to the Hawaiian Islands, desiring to
strengthen the bond of Union which naturally
exists between as, and to cultivate the missionary spirit among ourselves: also with the
views of aiding in the support of the Micrniiesian Mission about to he sent forth, one of
whose nieiiiliers is of our own number, do
hereby organize ourselves into a Social Missionary Society, under the following Constitution and bv-Laws.
This
"Social
Missionary
Commenced with 153
Society"
members, and at
the close of fifty years, ninety-three ol the
original members were still living.
Cradually the terms of admission were
extended to others not of missionary descent, but of like sympathies, and many of
them teachers in our schools. By natural
increase and the admission of the parents
as honorary members, the roll of the Society had increased in [go? to 1,404. 'This
includes both living and deceased mem-
bers.
Dr. Gulick labored in Micronesia for
nine years and then returned with his
family to Honolulu for recuperation of
health. The interest of the "Cousins" in
Micronesia had been increased by the
entering into the same field, of Rev. and
Mrs. Hiram Bingham five years later.
'The Gulicks were on the Caroline group
and the Hinghams on the Gilbert, Bible
translation had occupied Dr. (iulick on
I'onapc, and the same extended work was
done by Rev. Mr. Bingham on Apaiang.
Dr. (iulick took a furlough of two years
on the mainland and then returned to 1 lawaii in 1863 to assume the position of
corresponding secretary of the Hawaiian
Board, which was the reorganized form
of an existing small foreign missionary
society. The contributions of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society to foreign missions did not cease when the salary of Dr. (iulick, which had been $450
annually, was discontinued, but the same
amount, and more, was sent in oilier
channels as salaries of the Hawaiian missionaries of that field, and also a yearly
contribution to the Mortlock missionary
�THE FRIEND
This was the home mission of
northern Micronesia to the unevangelized
islands of their own archipelago. During
Dr. Gulick's absence in the United States,
Mrs. (iulick gathered the nucleus of a
small school for I lawaiian girls in her own
family, and the two noble souls began at
once to stir up the Cousins to a new work
at home, by urging a boarding school for
Hawaiian girls. 'Two years later, in 1865,
the plan took definite shape by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society passing a resolution to invite Miss Lydia
Bingham (afterwards Mrs. 'Titus Loan),
then in charge of a fine boarding school
in Ohio, to return to these Islands and
be such a teacher here, the Society pledging her $450 salary. She accepted the
call and arrived here after a voyage round
Cape Horn in the second Morning Star.
and through her indefatigable efforts and
society.
the Kawaiahao
Seminary became an established institution. The Seminary was first opened in
1867 in the old buildings of which a picture is given in the illustrations and
which have been succeeded by the present commodious and tasteful modern
buildings. In a few years other girls'
hoarding schools were established a! the
following places: Makawao, east Maui;
Waialua, Oahu; Koloa, Kauai, and Kohala, Hawaii. Every one of these schools
have received donations from the Mission
Children's Society. 'Two of these schools
were later disbanded and merged into the
remaining ones, which are in successful
operation still.
From a table prepared for the Jubilee
of the Society on "Fifty Years' Pinances," 'he record shows that the Society has raised a total of $76,<xx>, the
The Aggregate
fine organizing power,
19
largest items of which have heen for the
Micronesian Missions and the education
of llawaiians and others on these Islands.
This Society sent a notable representation to the Civil War, of which three fill
soldiers' graves. 'The name of one, General Samuel C. Armstrong, who was the
organizer of the colored troops, and who
passed safely through the war, became
world renowned. From his interest in
colored men, afterward grew the noble
Hamilton Institute, which is his fitting
monument.
During the past two years the Society
has been gradually assuming a commemorative character to perpetuate the memory of our parents. Recently there has
been issued The Hawaiian Missionary
Album with photogravures of as many of
the parents as could be secured.
church Membership of Eighty Years
By Rev. O.P. Emerson
During the days of the missionary
fathers of Hawaii careful statistics were
kept of the membership of the twenty or
more native churches which they founded. Each missionary entered the names
of his converts in a book and the number
was reported at the annual meeting (Ccneral Meeting) of the mission.
'These reports were preserved in printed tables, the first dating back as far as
the year 1832. Each year there were columns for the year's work and others that
gave the aggregate of the work from the
beginning of the mission. The column
which bore the heading, "Whole Number
on Profession," contained the aggregate
of the members received on confession of
faith by each church since its founding.
�20
THE FRIEND
The numbers in this column yearly grew of 05,898 Hawaiian converts received in- lemg members ot churches and in regular
sometimes with aston- to the churches since the founding of the standing; ten years later, in 1862, the
tggregate was over 53,000, one-third of
ishing rapidity, till they came to be the mission.
'These figures probably do not cover the the Hawaiian people were chureh-momsummary of the work of a life-time and to
tell the story of a mission.
entire number of conversions, for doubt- jers. Then, as the aged missionary fathIn 1863, about forty years after the less there were many who felt unable to ers ceased their labors, with the decrease
gathering of the first converts, the ag- meet the requisitions of church-member- )f the population, the passing of church
gregate membership reported by the mis- ship. Such may have been counted in the eadership to the native pastorate, the insionaries was 53,583, the fruit of the early days by hundreds and possibly by :rement grew less. The receptions of the
period which covered most of their active thousands. Many names of inquirers fifth decade were 5,475, with twenty-four
labors. Thereafter, on the inauguration may have been entered on the mission- per cent of the population as church memof the native pastorate, the keeping of the ary'S note-book which never got as far as bers in 1872. In 1882, seventeen per cent
statistics of the churches gradually passed the church roll. Many such doubtless Were church members, 2,470 having been
from the hands of the missionary fathers passed away in times of calamity when received during the previous ten years ;
to those of their native successors in the tiie epidemics of measles and small-pox, in 1892, though a greater number, 2,980,
ravaged the land, sweeping away the na-l had been received into the churches durministry.
When this change was made the pop- tives by thousands, and they had only] ing the decade, changes in the roll
ulous and extensive parishes of the fath- God's missionary to give them aid and! dropped the percentage to fourteen.
ers were divided into fifty-nine smaller consolation. These days are among life's
The last ten years shows an addition of
ones, more suited to the capacities of the most somber memories.
to the church-roll, and at the pres1640
native preachers. In 1870, the jubilee
It is interesting to note the decades of ent time ten per cent of the I lawaiians are
year of the mission, these fifty-nine greatest ingathering. These were the members of our churches.
churches reported as having received on second, the third and the fourth. At the
this last decade stands next
profession of faith since 1863, an aggre- end of the first, 1832, 577 persons had to Although
the
first
the fewness of its additions
in
gate membership of 4,285, which, added been added to the church; at the end of
churches, during the first five years
to
the
the
growing
to the aggregate of 1863, makes the ag- the second, 1842,
column of
the receptions having steadily decreased.
gregate of fifty years' work at 1870 to lie figures sprang with a hound to over
to a hundred for the year 1896,
57,868. Since 1870 there have been re- 25,000, and over nineteen per cent of the itdropping
to note that since then
encouraging
is
ceived to July 1902, about 8,030 commun- entire population were church-members;
recovery, till the
been
a
gradual
there
lias
icants, which number, added to the ag- by the end of the third, 1852, it reached figures of the year 1902 reach 270,
cent
of
the
thirty
population
per
gregate of the jubilee year, makes a total 40,000,
Doubtless the intense agitations and rad| teal political changes of this period explain these facts in great part. It is natural that they should have been years of
estrangement and interrupted growth.
Xow that confidence is coming hack to
I [the people we hope for a greater quicklarger and larger,
11
REV. LORENZO LYONS
Father »f UnuiiiiHll Reltgloul Sunn.
L
.Hawin iterature...
Rev. H.H. Parker
that there were professed
By
Although there was tin actual, tangible literature in the 1 lawaiian language,
either written or printed, before the advent of the first band of missionaries in
1_
O
I'
t 1
*
shows
orators was sought.
and bards whose offices were hereditary
and who were highly honored. The former were engaged to plead eases, and, in
all national negotiations, their counsel
'The latter, some of whom
were blind, were the repositories of the
historical and sacred songs. The sole occupation of these hards was the preservation of these songs (meles), for which
�21
THE FRIEND
purpose they repeated them by rote from Lama Hawaii (Hawaiian Light). This
an early age until they were indelibly initial paper was followed by the Kumu
fixed in their memories. The language Hawaii (Hawaiian Teacher) in the same
used was very figurative, often approach- year and from the same press. The mising the sublime, their imagery well des- sion, at this period, was busily engaged
cribed and highly beautiful. From these in producing school books for the schools
poets or bards have come the oral stories and reading hooks for the instruction of
of the passing of ships by the Islands the people at large, and the trend of Hamany generations back, and the landing waiian thought was directed in the chanof foreigners long before the discovery of nels of progress.
the islands by Captain Cook.
By far the larger part of the great mass
The first printing press at the Hawaii-
ot
printed matter issued here in the fifty
an Islands was imported by the American years subsequent to the arrival of Chrismissionaries, and landed from the brig tian teachers was in the form of religious
Thaddeus in April, 1820. In style, it was
unlike the first used by Benjamin
Franklin. It was set up in a thatched
house standing not very far from the old
frame Mission house that now stands on
King street opposite the Kawaiahao Seminary, but it was not put in operation until tlie afternoon of the 7th of January,
1822. At this inauguration, it is said,
there were present Kalanimoku. a chief
of the first rank, with his retinue, and
some other chiefs with their people, Rev.
Hiram Bingham, Elisha Loomis, the
Mission printer, James llunnewell and
Captains William Henry and Masters, all
of the foreigners being Americans. Mr.
Loomis set up the first lesson of a spelling
1 k, or primer, called "I'-a-pa." Kalanimoku was instructed how to work the
not
press and struck off the tirst impression
printed in the Hawaiian Islands. Mr.
Loomis struck off the second impression,
and Mr. llunnewell the third. The last
mentioned impression was given by Mr.
llunnewell to the American Board of
Missions and was placed in the mission
collection in Boston, It is a sheet four
by six inches, having twelve lines, each
line having five separate syllables of two
letters. 'This certainly was the first printing done at the Hawaiian Islands, probably the first on the shores of the North
Pacific Ocean. A month later Mr. Bingham received a letter from Governor
Kuakini (John Adams 1 of Hawaii, who
had succeeded in mastering the contents
of the first printed sheet. Epistolary correspondence was soon commenced in the
Hawaiian language and opportunity was
given for the birth of Hawaiian literature.
It was a herculean work that followed. From the statistics returned from
January 1822 to March 1830 it is learned
that twenty-two books, amounting to
3S7,(xx) copies and 10,287,800 pages had
been added to the literature of these
Islands. 'This matter was printed here,
while 3,345,000 pages of Hawaiian read
ing matter and school books had been
printed in the United States.
In 1834. on the 14th of February, the
first newspaper appeared. It was printed
in Hawaiian and published by the Lahainaluna Seminary, its name being
works and school books. Aside from the
Scriptures there have been published
works on theology, in its different
branches, church history, Bible text
hooks and commentaries on the Bible, or
parts of it. Much time and labor, too, on
the temperance question, with its many
phases, and on other social topics, have
gone into the printed page, which has
found its way among the people with
beneficial results to those who had the
disposition to read and reflect. Sermons
and tracts by the thousands were published and had no lack of readers. Pilgrim's Progress went into print in the
native language among the first of the
translated books. Later, works of a secular nature began to issue from the native press and became popular. The
stories of Washington. Lincoln, Grant;
of Victoria, Napoleon, Napier and others
of the world's distinguished men and
women have Heen read by the Hawaiian
in his native tongue. The "Pioneer Hoy,"
a story of Lincoln, was translated and
published in book form for Hawaiian
readers and "Robinson Crusoe has also
found its readers in the Hawaiian. Of
late years the tendency has been towards
fictitious works and a great deal of fiction
has been translated to meet the demand.
Publications in English were heralded
by the production of the first newspaper
in that language. The Sandwich Island
Gazette, which was printed at Honolulu
from 1836 to 1839. The editor was S. D.
Mackintosh, and the policy of the paper
Tt died
w as decidedly anti-missionary.
for want of support in 1830. The Hawaiian Spectator, an ably edited, instructive and interesting paper, was published
from 1838 to 1839. This was followed by
the Mirror and Commercial Gazette,
which existed for but a brief period. On
June 6, 1840. the first number of the
newspaper Polynesian, edited by Janus
lack-son Jarvis, appeared: the paper
lived for a year and a half, when the
editor left Honolulu. In 1844 Mr. Tarvis
returned and revived the Polynesian as
the official organ of the Government, he
continuing as editor until 1848, when he
again left the Islands. He was succeeded as editor by Mr. C. E. Hitchcock, and
after him followed as editors, Messrs.
Charles Gordon Hopkins, Edwin O. Hall
and, in iB6O, Abram Fornander. In 1863
the office and material of the Polynesian
were leased by Mr. Fornander and the
paper was continued by him as an independent journal until finally discontinued
in 1864. In the hound volumes of this
paper, preserved in the Honolulu Library
and Reading Rooms, may be found a vast
amount of information appertaining to
Hawaiian history. The Friend, which
now justly claims to be the oldest paper
in the Pacific, was first issued in 1843 by
Rev. S. C. Damon, and is a valued and
valuable publication to this day. Other
newspapers in Hawaiian and English, or
with an admixture of each language, were
published in the years from 1844 t0 1 856,
and in July of the latter year, the Pacific
Commercial Advertiser appeared under
the editorship and control of Henry M.
Whitney. This paper has been a most
powerful factor in making the history of
the newspaper prestige in Hawaii, as has
also the Hawaiian Gazette, which first appeared as an eight-page weekly in January, 1865. In passing, perhaps mention
should be made of the N'upcpa Kuokoa,
which was first published in 186lby 11.
M. Whitney in the native language. None
of all the native prints has equaled it in
its elevated tone and educating influence.
Space forbids detailed statements of other
papers born to Hawaiian literature between
1834 and
1002.
'The unking of many books on the history of the Hawaiian Islands is very
noticeable. Events taking place here have
been fraught with such intense interest
to the outer world, almost from the very
start that the result has been that more
books have been written about Hawaii
than of any other island group in the Pa-
cific.
The transitional stage between the old
unlettered state and that of a civilized
community is passed and the Hawaiian
stands forth now a notable representative
of the influence of American methods of
civilization. 'The literature of his native
land, scant as it was, has been the medium
of bringing him and his surroundings into the notice of a world much larger than
his own; that world is revealed to him
with all its advantages, and the call is to
press forward to the things that are before him.
The falling away, by reason of disuse
and corruption, of the native Hawaiian
language will be regretted perhaps to
some extent, but the induction of this
people into the great possibilities presented by the more universal English language will tend to broaden and develop*
the I lawaiian mind. It is for some future
Hawaiian to add honor to his country's
name by a worthy contribution to Hawaiian literature.
�THE FRIEND
22
EducDaetviolnoH
.pmTnthef awaii..
By
From the very first, education has held
a prominent place in the work of the
American Mission to the Hawaiian Islands. Among the pioneers were two professional teachers with their wives, but
thcv were all educators by hereditary instincts and training. 'Their ideas were
necessarily crude, for their work was
largely experimental and in an untried
field, but as has been truly said, "the experiments tried in these Islands have been
most profitable object lessons for workers
in other fields."
It is the aim of Protestant Missions
everywhere to raise up an educated laity.
;
Prof. W.D. Alexander
iasm of the people for learning was intense, and the quarterly school examinations or hoikes became the great events
of the year. Often several thousand
learners,'of all ages, representing from
fifty to a hundred schools, would assemble
in one place, to exhibit their progress in
reading and writing, as well as in memorizing selections from the Bible and
hymns. Hy degrees elementary arithmetic and geography were added to the
VERNACULSCHOOLS FOR ADULTS.
curriculum. In 1832 the number of readon
been
carried
ers had risen to 23,127. The attendance
the
had
teaching
far
So
it
was
of the adults, however, gradually fell off,
clearly
in the English language, hut
and
after 1832 the attention of the mismight
a
few
that
favored
although
seen
of
English. sionaries was directed chiefly to the ingain an imperfect knowledge
not be struction of the children.
could
mass
of
the
people
great
reached except through their mother
lulu the Rev. 11. Bingham and his wife
opened a little school, to which some
white residents, who had native wives,
sent their children.
At the same time, Messrs. Whitney and
Rnggles opened a school at Waimea,
Kauai, under the patronage of King Kaunuialii, who was able in a few months to
write letters in intelligible English.
Ithe
tongue.
I
able them as soon as possible to read
iible in their own language, and thus
dd to their faith virtue, and to virnowledge."
io.se noble pioneers "builded better
they knew." and the work which
commenced has gone on broadening
deepening ever since.
THE EARLIEST SCHOOLS IN ENGLISH.
The first mission station occupied was
then the residence of the King,
Kamehamcha 11. who was Mr. 'Thurston's first pupil. His orders were that
"none should be taught to read except
those of high rank, those to whom he
gave special permission, and the wives
and children of white men." John li and
James Kahulni were two of his favorite
courtiers, whom he placed under Mr.
Thurston's instruction in order that he
might judge whether the new learning
was going to be of any value. At Honoat Kailua,
Hence the missionaries devoted their
energies to the task of mastering the native language and of reducing it to writing. 'Their progress was so rapid that on
the "th of January, 1822, the work of
printing in the Hawaiian language was
begun. The King and many of the chief!
came to sec the wonderful machine, and
a new impulse was given to their desin
for knowledge. All the leading chiefs
now applied themselves with zeal to learn
the novel arts of reading and writing, and
soon began to use them in their correspondence. After the departure of Liholiho to England in 1824, the movement
spread rapidly under the patronage of the
chiefs, who sent the most proficient scholars among their attendants to their respective lands, with orders to the tenants
to attend school.
The school hours were generally from
three to five o'clock in the afternoon, and
the pupils were called together by the
blowing of a conch shell. The enthus-
ESTABLISHMENT OF SELECT
SCHOOLS.
During the next ten years several important schools were founded, which arc
Still nourishing. 'The schools at each station, however, under the immediate supervision of the missionary, might also be
regarded as select scluxils. 'The schools
of Honolulu, in particular, were organ-
ized and superintended during the years
1836-7 by Rev. Lowell Smith.
In 1831 the Lahainaluna Seminary was
founded' under the charge of Rev. Lorrin
Andrews, for the purpose of training
teachers and other helpers in the missionary work. 'The first pupils were adults,
most of them being married men, and enThey built the
tirely self-supported.
�THE FRIEND
school-house as well as their own dormitories, hewing the timber in the mountains, and dragging or carrying it down
five or six miles, besides cultivating taro
patches to furnish their food. Manual
training has ever since formed an important oart of the course in that school. In
1836, thirty-two boys were admitted as
boarding pupils, and the attendance of
adults discontinued. This school still exists, and has prepared for usefulness
many of the leading men in the I lawaiian
churches, schools, courts and legislatures.
In 1837 a Roys' Boarding School was
founded at Hilo by Rev. D. B. Lyman,
and is still doing a much needed work.
Industrial training has always been a
prominent feature of that school, which is
said to have been the proto-type of the
famous Hampton Institute.
The ()ahu Charity School was founded
in 1833 for the instruction of English-
speaking children, under the care of Mr.
and Mrs. Johnstone, lay members of the
Mission. It has since repeatedly changed
its location and its name, while it has
passed through various stages, as the Honolulu 'Town School, the Fort Street
School, and finally as the Honolulu High
School. Its high standing at the present
time is recognized not only in these
islands but by the various universities on
Besides the above there were a number of smaller family schools for girls,
among which were the school maintained
by Mrs. F. Coan at Hilo from 1838 till
1864, the school kept by Mrs. Lucia
Lyons at Waimea, Hawaii, from about
1845 till 1879, the Koloa hoarding school
conducted by Mrs. M. K. Smith from
i-St 1 till 1871, and others.
In 1865, Mr. and Mrs. O. H. Guliek
moved to Waialua, Oahu, their girls'
boarding school, commenced in Kau, Hawaii, which was continued under Miss
Mary E. Green from 1870 till 1882. In
the same year (1865) the Kawaiahao
Seminary was started by Mrs. L. H.
(iulick as a family school, which was
afterwards built up under the care of the
sisters. Lydia and Elizabeth Bingham,
and has educated hundreds of Hawaiian
girls. It has at present sixty-one pupils
on its roll.
The East Maui Female Seminary,
which was founded by Mr. and Mrs. C.
T>. Andrews in 1861, was carried on by
Miss 11. E. Carpenter from 1870 till iSiji.
and is still doing a most useful work, with
23
schools on very nearly their present basis,
and administered them with great zeal
and energy for thirteen years, under difficulties and hardships, of which the present generation can have but a faint con-
ception.
The Lahainaluna Seminary was transferred to the (lovernnicnt in 184'). Since
then the use of the English language in
schools has steadily advanced, until the
Act of 181/) required that it should be the
basis and medium of instruction in all
schools, private as well as public.
A thorough system of school inspection
has been instituted. Periodical examinations are held for teachers, and three
grades of certificates issued, which are
based upon the percentage obtained by
them.
An excellent normal school has been
established, which is preparing teachers
to deal with the peculiar conditions to be
encountered in these Islands. 'Their salaries are now regulated by a schedule,
based upon length of service, grade of
certificate, and class of school. The ideal
condition aimed at by the Department is
100 pupils.
one under which the schools shall be ad'The Kohala Girls' Boarding School ministered impartially, without regard to
was opened in 1873 and has been main- distinction of race, color, creed, politics
tained ever since. It reports fifty-five or social position.
pupils for last year.
The importance of industrial training is
fully appreciated, and it is gradually
THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION.
being introduced into all the schools.
the Mainland, with some of which it is
affiliated.
In 1840 the Royal School was opened.
A theological department was estabas a family school for the education of the
lished
in the Lahainaluna Seminary in
young chiefs, tinder the care of Mr. and
but was soon discontinued on ac1843,
Mrs. A. Cooke. Fourteen voting chiefs
of the death of Mr. Dibble and the
of high rank were educated in it through count
transfer
of that institution to the Governthe medium of the English language, for
in
ment
1840.
about ten years, five of whom afterwards
Rev. W. I'. Alexander opened
In
1865,
in turn became reigning sovereigns. It
a theological school in W'ailuku, which
has ever since been continued as an Engwas transferred to Honolulu in 1873.
lish day school, chiefly for I lawaiian
Tt was reorganized and enlarged in
boys.
under the superintendence of Dr. C.
1877
The Punahou School was founded in M. Hyde, who conducted it for twenty1841. under Rev. D. Dole, primarily for one years and trained most of the present
the education of the children of the mislawaiian pastors.
sionaries, hut was afterwards enlarged in I
its scope and chartered in 1853 as Oahu
College. It now furnishes what is vir- ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.
tually a High School course and also a
In 1840 and 1841 were enacted the first
thorough classical course preparatory to school
laws, by which the newly organEastern universities, besides instruction ized
of the
government
music,
in modern languages,
drawing, etc. common schools, assumed charge sancand gave general
tion to what had been only local edicts of
BOARDING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
the Governors.
'These laws made attendance compulA boarding school for girls was opened sory for all within the school age, and
at Wailukn in 1837 under the care of Rev. also made ability to read and write a preJ. S. Green, who was succeeded in 1840 requisite to marriage. In 1846, Rev. \V.
by Mr. E. Bailey, assisted by Miss M. Richards was commissioned as Minister
( Igden. 'The influence of that school was of Public Instruction and proceeded to
felt far and wide, and a grave mistake organize the schools, But his work was
was made when it was closed in 184.8.
cut short by his untimely death in the folMiss Ogden continued her work on a lowing year. His successor, Rev. R.
smaller scale at Makiki, near Honolulu, Armstrong, who was "an ardent admirer
till 1869.
of Horace Mann," organized the public
OTHER SCHOOLS.
But the best work in this direction is
by the Kamehameha Schools
for Hawaiian boys and girls, founded and
liberally endowed by the late Mrs. Rernice Ranald Bishop, which furnish no*
only a good primary and grammar school
education, hut also a thorough manual
training in several lines of work.
'The efficient service of the Brothers of
Mary, in the St. Louis College, and that
of the Tolani College, under the auspices
of the Episcopal Church, should not he
passed over in silence.
The Free Kindergartens, established in
Honolulu in 181)4. by an association of
ladies, for the children of five different
races, have met with gratifying success.
The Mills Institute, founded by Mr. F.
W. Damon, for Chinese youth, is also
doing a noble work.
being done
PRESENT NEEDS IN EDUCATIONAL WORK.
The pioneers who laid the foundation
of our system of schools had a homogeneous population to deal with, but we of
the twentieth century have to study the
needs of one of the most cosmopolitan
communities in the world.
The North Pacific Missionary Institute
needs to be placed on a firm financial
�24
THE FRIEND
work
of training pastors and teachers for Institute, and to provide an industrial eddifferent races that have settled in | ucation, irrespective of nationality, and
c islands.
under Christian influences.
reparatory schools, like those at The Oahu College, which has become
thfield and Mt. Hermon, Mass., are the leading educational institution in the
needed to serve as feeders to the Islands, should be enabled to broaden and
.or
enrich its courses of study, and to provide
manual training from the outset, as well
as practical scientific and technical instruction by the side of its literary and
classical courses,
er. 'The school was not well housed at I taught, and this art furnished to the counfirst. In a northerly tempest, the teach- Itry atlases in primary, intermediate, and
er's house collapsed, it being a light frame high school sizes, besides much else.
structure, thatched, like all the rest; and Manual labor, much of it out of doors,
the elements seemed to add insult to in- has always been the rule of the Seminary.
jury by pouring a deluge of red mud
In 1837 the "plant" could show, by the
among the occupants.
liberal aid of the American Hoard, three
In 1834, Rev. E. W. Clark and Rev. good dwellings for teachers, a large printSheldon Dibble were also assigned to the ing office, a main building 140 feet trout
station, and the work, already growing, and two stories high with hill cupola, ajl
could be better systematized. They rated in stone, plastered and whitewashed; and
the difficulty of their work in the follow- thirty or more adobe cottages for the
ing decreasing order: translation of text students, dining hall. eve. also white.
hooks: supervision of the boys; instruc- These, with the white "Dibble house."
tion. The Seminary was created for the half way up Mt. Ball, made a notable
education of teachers, and this purpose landmark as seen from Lahaina roadhas not sunk out of sight to this hour. stead. In this year the High School deFrom these teachers were evolved preach- partment was added, filled with boys too
young to earn their own expenses.
In 1841; when Mr. Armstrong became
the King's Minister of Public Instruction,
the Seminary was taken over as part of
PRESIDENT s.v.Mt'Kl. B. CAPEN
the new system, the Government assumB,
C.
A.
F. M.
ing its maintenance, including salaries.
and agreeing not to interfere with the religious teaching as theretofore given ; but
in 1877, with the change to English as the
Seminary
medium for instruction, the school beBy Robert W. Andrews
came entirely secularized, and the Lahainaliina church, organized in 1835, ceased
to exist.
'The Seminary is still an important facLaliainaluna Seminary was voted into
in the education of Hawaiian youth,
tor
existence by resolution in General Meetother schools have stepped in to
though
but
it
to
mabegan
ing, in June. 1831;
share
its
honors and contest its preemterialize when Rev. Lorrin Andrews and
inence.
of
Rev. Jonathan S. Green, professors
WOOdcrafl as well as theology, shouldered
their axes and headed a procession of the
future students up the mountain for timREV. JITDSON SMITH 1)1).
ber. But there was a prerequisite —a
FOREIGN BBCRETARt
to
build
on.
The
foster-mother
of
place
A. It. C. !•'. M.
this seat of learning was Kalakua. once a
widow of Kainehamehal, but then the
wife of lloapili, governor of Maui, and its, missionaries, clerks, public men, and
best known by her new name. Hoapili- lawyers.
In 1842, a careful inquiry
vvahine. In person she was of gigantic showed that of 158 living who had been
mould, and she possessed the same im- students, 105 were teachers; 35. governperious will as her sister Kaalumi mil. ment officers; 7, in other useful employregent of the kingdom. But she was a ments; and 11, doing nothing, or worse.
lover of the />ij/<//>i//</, and gave, off-hand, 'The printing-press was the right arm of
the land which the missionaries needed, thi' school; and especially during the resprobably not well defined in its limits at idence of Mr. Rogers, 1835-39, the office
tirst, but when it came to be measured up vied with that of Honolulu as a publishand recorded it was ten acres of taro land ing center for instruction hooks in wide
in the valley, enough to feed a school in variety. 'The first outfit was a wooden
perpetuity, and about a thousand acres of construction called a Ramage press, and
red dirt and rocks on the upland. Aca- a few old type. But within two months,
demic work began September 5, 1831, mi February 14, 1834, the first number of
with twenty-five young men as pupils— i\'a Lama Hawaii was issued, and each
REV. CHARLES H. DANIELS D.D.
the number became sixty-seven before the monthly part contained a large woodcut.
HOME SECRETARY
year closed —and Rev. L. Andrews, teach- Copperplate engraving and printing were
A. B. C. F. M.
Lahinlu
�THE FRIEND
nigs were destroyed by fire, but temporary thatched buildings were put up at
once by the scholars; and in 1855, after
Father Lyman had secured the funds, the
present school building was erected at a
cost of $7,500, from the two first cargoes
of lumber brought from l'uget Sound to
Hilo.
From the beginning of the school up to
the present time, the scholars have raised
the kalo, bananas, sugar cane, and other
vegetables for their living, making their
own poi, and doing all the work on their
farm, and keeping the school premises in
order, working morning and evening.
Besides being taught in the class-room in
books and in vocal and instrumental
music, from four to five hours each day,
for five days in the week, they were
taught to be self-supporting youth while
25
teachers, sheriffs, judges, legislators, and
ministers of the (iospel of Christ. It was
seldom that any one of them was unfaithful to his trust.
General S. C. Armstrong, when a boy,
living in Honolulu, visited Hilo and the
Hoarding School for a month, having an
opportunity to observe all its ways, and in
later years, after the close of the Civil
War in the United States of America, in
which he had fought bravely and become
a General in the service of his fatherland, he founded Hampton Institute on
the same lines as that Hilo School he had
seen.
In 1886, the Jubilee Year of Hilo
Boarding School, General Armstrong
wrote from Hampton his tribute to that
event, and said:
"I am glad to give my opinion of the Hilo
a means in an end it has,
I think, proved the most successful, effective
missionary work at the Hawaiian Islands. Mr.
and Mrs. Lyman, in a quiet wise way, trained
native boys to he Christian, well-behaved, industrious and intelligent young men, who
knew enough to (In the work they had to do,
yet were not stuffed with hook know ledge ill
a way to make them conceited or feel tOO far
above their people and thus tempted to use
them as their tools.
"It has always heen a lesson to me here.
School training for the I lavvaiians, the
Africans, or the Indians should, in the great
majority of cases he elementary, industrial,
earnestly and practically Christian, not at
tempting the higher scholarship (though they
can easily master advanced studies) hut devoted to making self-reliant men and women
of simple tasics, above I heir people yet of them
and full of the spirit of missionary work for
Boarding School. As
REV. J. L. HARTON
D.I).
FOREIGN SECRETARY
A. B. C. F. M.
The Hilo Boys' Boarding School.
By
Hon.
F.S. Lyman
In the year 1836, many of the public
schools in the Hawaiian Islands were being suspended for lack of competent
teachers to carry them forward ami keep
up with the wants of the people.
At the annual meeting of the missionary fathers of the American Hoard in Honolulu, June, 1836, they authorized Rev.
.Messrs. 1). B. Lyman and Titus Loan to
establish an Industrial Boarding School
for boys, at Hilo, Hawaii. In less than
two months after their return from Honolulu, two native thatched houses were
erected at a cost of $140.
Beneath the sunlight and warmth of a
powerful spiritual stimulation, Hilo
Boarding School came into existence, and
became the life work of Father and
Mother Lyman. This was at the beginning of the great Christian awakening in
these Islands. In October, 1836, eight
scholars were received into the school,
which increased until in four years there
were sixty-five pupils. Larger buildings
were needed, and larger fields to cultivate. In 1840, two one and one-half story
frame thatched buildings were erected
with substantial wooden floors, desks, &c.
for $700.
In 1848, the King and Privy Council
granted forty acres of land for the use
of the school, below llalai Hill, which,
being added to a portion of the Mission
land that was set off to bather Lyman,
constituted the school farm.
In November, 1853, the school build-
them.
"The Hilo Boarding School has better than
any school at the Islands illustrated this idea.
It is precisely what I have tried to do here."
REV. E. E. STRONG! D.D.
EDITORIAL SECRETARY
A. B. C F. M.
the work of their hands.
farming, tailoring, house painting, stone
work, cooking, fkc., and to become good
at school, by
reliable Christian men, and loyal citizens,
not ashamed to work. After the school
was well started, the young men who
graduated mostly found work as teachers in the public schools, and reinforced
the work of the missionary fathers
throughout these Islands.
As the years went on, the change in
every young man who had been through
the course of training given in Hilo
Hoarding School was so marked that you
could always single him out anywhere
among his people, and they were an uplifting element in the community. They
tilled many responsible positions of trust
in nearly every line of work, from the
day laborer up to the higher positions
such as carpenters, stone masons, school
FRANK H. WIGGIN
TREASURER
A. B. C. F. M.
�26
THE FRIEND
"MisonaryMarriages
BY W. N.
Armstrong
Royal during the civil war. Its chaplain
announced to its colonel, one Sunday
morning, that the chaplain of a neighboring Massachusetts regiment had just informed him that he had baptized ten men
eign lands. It repudiated the traditional of his regiment. "They have?" said the
and ancient policy of the Roman church colonel, "officer of the day, parade the
which strictly enforced celibacy upon its regimen) at once and detail twenty men
priests, as one of the essential conditions for instant baptism; this regiment must
of successful propaganda. Ihe priest, keep up to its standard." Ihe Board virin theory, took the church for his celestial tually said lo the candidates, "you are
and mystic bride, and drew consolation enlisted but get married by the middle
from the contemplation of the beauty of of next week."
his supernatural relations which were
The young candidates at once began
entirely free from human and annoying the search for wives, but were no doubt
incidents.
greatly handicapped by the reluctance ol
( )n the other baud, the
Protestant young women to mix up marriage and
church believed that Christian civilization Missions. The) were quite willing to
found its best expression in the family sing in the "monthly concerts' the burn
life, anil the American Hoard enforced ing words: "Front d'ccnlands icy mounthis belief, even though ihe marriage in- tains eec," but it required a touch of hero
stitution was associated with whooping ism to draw tlii-in to an exchange ol
cough, measles, "curtain lectures," and Christian civilization for the abominathe indiscriminate swallowing of buttons tions of hcathcnlaud.
and pins by thoughtless and consecrated
Among the threescore missionaries to
children.
these Islands who at one time or another
The far sighted Hoard seems to have were involved in these sudden marriages
looked forward to the time, when in the for the cause, there have been told many
execution of its matrimonial policy, the interesting stories of the incidents conmissionary children would become effi- nected with them; in a measure unusual
cient agents of the Board before they incidents because the circumstances were
could walk, and, as small hut shining ex- extraordinary, The American Hoard, itamples even in their cradles, should have self, served as a matrimonial bureau, and
a distinct influence upon the irresponsible when a candidate for work in foreign
little heathen with whom they might lands confided to its secretary that he was
come in contact. In later years, after unable to find a young woman who was
this policy had been long pursued, an ob- willing to make the sacrifice, he was con
serving tourist remarked that the singular lidctitially allowed to inspect the list ol
sobriety and stately deportment of mis unmarried females who had signified to
sionarv babies in their cradles, always the Hoard their willingness to join the
conscious of serving as shining examples, mission. There were, besides, some good
still displayed itself when these babes had Women who keenly enjoyed the blessed
passed the meridian of life and could not industry of "match-making" in a grand
refute the charge of being old men and cause. It was assumed that the nature of
women.
the cause justified these hasty marriages.
The candidates before the Hoard for The final result has been a most valuable
missionary work, were generally young contribution to social science. The parlies
college bred men in the graduating to these unions, by the fact that they held
classes of the theological .seminaries, allegiance to a common purpose which
who felt themselves called to enlist absorbed their thoughts and feelings; livunder the banner of the Cross. Up ing in an air which was not poisoned by
on offering themselves to the Board idleness ; isolated from the world and dethey were somewhat surprised and pendent upon themselves for the amenieven startled when confronted with ties of life, largely suppressed domestic
the decided matrimonial policy which it contentions and bickerings. Even under
had adopted. The majority of these the most depressing environment, the revoting men had not yet reached that con- ligious romanticism of the early days
dition in life when serious thoughts of burned with a steady flame. So that it
matrimony disturbed them. To be lud may be said that the happiness arising
denly required to meet the policy of the from these marriages was above, and perHoard created as much embarrassment haps far above, the happiness of the
as befel a Connecticut regiment at Port average marriage in Christian lands.
The American Board of Commiauoncrs for Foreign Missions, in its begin
nings, announced the policy that none but
married men should be put on guard in
its campaigns against heathenism in for-
( )f the many incidents connected with
these sudden marriages, several may be
cited as illustrations, in order to indicate
their nature and the working of the policy
of the American Board.
Two class-mates in a noted theological
seminary, at the close of their studies,
offered themselves to the Hoard for mission work, and were confronted with the
policy of marriage as a pre-requisite.
They cast about for wives. Both had
read the correspondence of a mutual
friend with a young lady who had re
vcalcd .1 desire to go on a mission, and
each of them intended to approach her on
the subject. One of them, however, while
mi a visit in New England, heard of a
voting woman who desired also to engage
in foreign missionary work. He nut her,
and a marriage took place at once for the
sake of the cause. The other class mate
pursued the young woman in whom both
had been interested; she immediately ac
cepted an offer of marriage, and the two
class-mates with their brides embarked
on the same ship for these Islands. An
other candidate, under similar conditions,
married a voting woman whose Christian
name was Mercy and her surname was
Partridge, lie was accustomed to say
that he had "hunted for mercy but had
found a partridge." Another candidate
heard of :i young women with the missionary spirit, in a female seminary, and
she accepted him "without sight" on his
prompt offer of marriage, though in doing so he gave up a comely young woman
"in sight." Another, read the letters ol
a young woman who had read much
about the islands of the Pacific and was
willing to join the mission. le promptly
acted on this information and they were
at once married for the cause. Another
candidate met a young woman already
under engagement of marriage to a
clergyman who did not have the missionary spirit. For the sake of the cause she
rejected him and married the candidate.
Another candidate, tinder the ruling of
tile Board, casually visited a country
school-house in Connecticut, the teacher
in which, it was rumored, had intimated
a desire to join the mission. A marriage
for the caUse took place at once.
The sequel to these alliances has been
singularly fortunate. The wives were
I
not
only equal to their husbands in in-
tellectual
power, but in a number of cases
quite superior to them. According to the
accepted theories of heredity, this fact
will account for the unusual number of
able men and women among their offspring.
�27
THE FRIEND
the missionary veterans who are still with
us and she will number seventy-live years
Twice
on the 20th of this December.
widowed she now lives comfortably in
beautiful Hilo, which has been her home
for 40 years, with her brother for a coin
panion and a troop of grandchildren
within calling distance. Mrs. Reed is one
of the only three amongst our missionaries, who were born in Scotland, her native home being Aberdotir, in hifeshire.
At an early age she came to the United
States with her parents, lived in Ouincy,
Illinois, and was educated to be a teach
cr and in 1853 was married to Rev. W.
('. Shipnian.
They Spent the following
winter in New Haven, and were providentially directed toward the Micronesian
field of labor; but when on their voyage
they reached Lahaina, they were as prov
idetltially detained to till the vacant Kau
station. In isolated Kau they both labored for over six years and enjoyed their
work. Al the end of 186l her husband
died, and Mrs. Shipnian moved to Hilo,
with her three children and maintained
the family by keeping a hoarding schoolj
until 1868, when she was married to \lrj
;
Survivors of the Early Missionaries
By
Robert W. Andrews
The vision of Mir/a finds its best illustration in our time and country, The
seventy arches of the bridge of life, and
broken ones beyond, and the travelers
dropping through into eternity, are common t" all the world ; hut the blest islands
dotting the Hood on the near side of the
promontory of adamant, and ready to receive gond people who find on them their
homes where are the rewards ni well
doing, even on this side of Ihe grave,
more abundantly enjoyed than in these
Pacific islands?
Mrs. Jane S. Reed is the youngest of
William 11. Reed.
Time deals lightly with "Mother
Castle," who passed her 83rd birthday on
October 26th. She has always lived in
Honolulu since coining here in 1843, and
her home now is an aerie on the slope ol
Round Top—not too high up -on the
Maima valley side; and front this coigne
of vantage, she touches with a benign inlluciiec church and society, children and
grandchildren. During her missionary
days, Mrs. Castle had a well recognized
department of effort, as Dispenser ol
Hospitality. Mr. Castle as secular agent
of the American Board and Mr. Cooke
as his associate, were the Universal Proriders of their time; and upon their wives
came the responsibility of finding furnished rooms, meals, and social pleasures
lor the families coming to General Meet
ing each summer. Those good "hi times
were terribly crowded, hill the Mission
was compacted, and Mrs. Castle learned
to "keep a In itcl.'
"Mother Rice" passed her 86th birth
day ( letohcr 1 Hit of this year. She lives
with her gran ldaughter, the wife of Pastor Isenberg at Lihue, Kauai; and her
children, whether at Lihue. Honolulu or
I.os Angeles, are very near her in love,
and frequent in their visits. ler life is a
placid stream which beautifies all its
banks. She is remembered as one of the
early teachers at I'lmahou, and her gentle
and persuasive methods reigned both in
school room and in her parlor classes,
where, at certain times, she taught the
clumsy fingers of small boys to sew and
to braid. Mrs. Rice was to the manner
born, her father being then a missionary
among the Indians on the Buffalo Reser-
I
vation. I ler first four years of labor here
were at the liana station, east end of
Maui, and Mrs. Conde was the only other
while lady within forty miles; then came
nearly ten years at Punahou school, and
then Mr. Rice for his own health's sake
moved with his family to Kauai, and she
now eats and gives away fruit front the
trees which lie planted forty-eight yean
ago.
Edward Bailey, Teacher, was his name
and title on the roster of the great reinforcement of 1X37, hut he is now Father
Bailey to those who know him. He was
88 years old on February -'41b of this
year, and now lives ill Aliiainbra, south
era California still keenly observant and
interested in current affairs and indulging in his favorite recreation painting
natural sceiiccy. Mr. Bailey has a strong
nature under strong control. Horn in the
heart of New England, "where a boy
learns to whittle soon after he learns to
;
�28
THE FRIEND
big obtained help of God, 1 continue unto
this day. <>n December 9, 1902, she will
have rounded out ninety-seven yean of
life, Sight is dim and locomotion is
weak, but she has loving children and
grandchildren who arc more than eyes
and limbs, and she enjoys her life, anil
praises God for a cup running over. Mrs.
I'arker, while still a girl, heard a lecture
male Seminary—lB4l to IK49—bis hard- in New York city by an eyewitness of
est work, but its results have long shown savage life in the South Sea islands, and
she declared her intention to become a
that it was bis most important work.
"Mother Parker" may well say: Hav- missionary to those people. The culmina-
breathe," be was always fond of doing
things. At Kohala, his first station, he
built two thatched walls, Open, like a
great V to the trade wind, and thus secured a powerful blasf for his blacksmith's forge. At Wailuku he trained a
brook over his water wheel and set it to
doing all manner of useful work, lie
calls the I'rineipalship of the Wailuku Fe-
tion of this 'purpose came in the short
mission in 1833-34, when three families,
hers being one of the number, were detached from the Hawaiian mission, and
were sent to christianize the fierce cannibal Marquesans. Since then, through
thirty-five years of active life at Kaneohe,
and thirty-three years in Honolulu, she
has been a mother to her people, bestow
ing sympathy, good counsel and gifts;
and she has never lost faith in the right
outcome of knotty problems in church or
state.
MYoemuthM
rifslGna eeting
By
"
Mrs. Emma L.
Dillingham
Mother, General Meeting opens five festival began. To the younger members
— of the family it was a delightfully exciting time. Something out of the ordinary
was going to happen. Whole families
were coming to Honolulu for a stay of
several weeks. The joy and anticipation
experienced by the parents in the event
was reflected in the hearts of the children, for family life was a unit in its joys
at least. It took years for the children to
realize how the sorrows and trials of that
same period of life, were guarded, lest
some shadow dim the sunshine in which
they lived.
There were errands to run. weeds to
pull, dead leaves to pick up, and a snug
ging up of the woodpile fill it was trim
and well ordered. How long a time to
wait!—but at last one schooner after another arrived in port with its precious
if only a week by
— human load, fortunate,
the way from Kauai, or five days from
Kealakekua, or forty-eight hours from
have to be carried to and fro."
Lahaina!
And so the simple preparations for setWeary mothers had no words to exting one's home in order for the yearly press their gratitude on entering the sim-
weeks from today!" "Why so it does,
how the year has down,—we must sec
that everything is ready for the Coans
and l'ariscs; you won't forget to repair
the leak in the spare room cottage, will
you?" "I'll do it this week, and get a
new latch for the gate too; we must have
a little white washing done to brighten
things up, I guess,—yes, and I must be
sure and put a new rope on the wellbucket." "Oh, do, and perhaps you can
see what ails the chimney, we must be
able to bake well when the brothers and
sisters are here."
"Well, I've got my yearly report about
ready now. so I can look after things in
general,—the old horse ought to have a
week or two to rest, before General Meeting opens, he'll he kept on the go pretty
much of the time then." "Yes, he will,
we must have all the families to some
meal while they are here, and they all
pie rooms prepared for them, or children,
their joy at stretching their legs under
unfamiliar trees, or fathers, their fullness
of heart in grasping the hands of brother
workers after the lapse of nearly a year.
A holiday time, vet one to be tilled with
work.
From every mission station in the
group had come the men in charge of the
evangelization of these Islands; their
chief object, to report to the missionary
body, as a whole, the progress of their individual labors, to receive suggestions
and counsel, to consider the difficulties in
the field and arrange for their overcoming, to thank God together for his watchful care and help in the past, and to
claim his promises for the years to follow. The mission school house, still
standing in the rear of Kawaiahao
church, was the scene of the daily gatherings of this body of men and women.
In the hearts of scons of children who
came up to this yearly General Meeting
with their parents, no time in their lives
holds memories half so tender or stirring.
�29
THE FRIEND
Under a hau tree in Father Clark's
yard:
"Did you go to meeting this morning,
Jennie?" "No, but I'm going this afternoon. Father Lyons is going to read his
report and I like to hear him tell about
climbing down into Waipio valley,—he
goes there every time."
"Well, I like to hear Uncle Coan read
his report, he tells about the Volcano,
and, oh so many times he sleeps out
doors, and preaches under the trees."
"I always like to hear Father Alexander give his,—his eyes twinkle so, and
he always has some happy thing to tell
about."
"I don't like it when they read off so
many figures, I never understand them,"
said the youngest girl in the party. "Oh,"
said the largest girl present, "lltey tell
about how much things cost, and how
many people have joined the church. My
father always has the biggest number."
anecdotes entertain them, himself joining
in a hearty laugh, the loyal devotion inspired was for all time.
Yet nil were worshipped from afar.
The piercing eyes and shaggy brows of
one, the commanding form of another,
the musical voice of a third, the positive
leadership of a fourth, the eloquence of
some, the feeble health of others, the
abounding vitality and cheer of many,
and the universal devotion and joy manifested in the work by each one, furnished
unstinted material for younger minds to
mount upon pedestals of the noblest kind.
The imaginations of the children needed no stimulus. Many of Haul's experiences had come to pass within their own
home lives. Their parents had been "in
perils by the heathen," * * * "in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea."
"In weariness and pain fulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often ;" and "beside those things that
are without" * * * "the care of all
i Complacently.)
of
the churches" was theirs also.
nails
out
a
"Well, my father made
Did they not themselves have a share in
i>'k
(Chorus V "How?!!!'
all it meant to be "missionaries to the
"Why he sold it, and bought some heathen,"? and how happy they always
nails, and then he put a real floor in the were.
(Under the ban tree.) "< >h dear, tins
meeting house, and now the people sit on
that ; it's ever so much better than it was is our last play time, all the meetings arcover tomorrow, —a year is so long to
before."
"My mother taught some women how- wait, till we come again."
"I'm coming back in three months to
to braid mat bags, and Mr. Ladd bought
them to put sugar in. and then my father go to Punahou school, my father says I'm
bought
had the money for the church, and we've old enough, and my mother has(mission
ancalico
Depository
OUrs,"
added
at
the
in
enough
windows
got glass
store) "to make me three new dresses!"
other and so the chatter flowed on.
"Are they all alike?"
daily
The rugged fathers sitting in
"My, no.—one is tube a blue sack with
thought
upnot
bestow
much
session, did
skirt, one is to be red with white
the
a
yellow
on the dozens of children, who filled
and
the other is to be brown, beno
spots,
so
as
made
long
they
side benches,
it
won't
show the dirt.
noise. They little realized that their own cause
what
my mother said. You
"That's
success,
were
boldcharacters, ability and
are both coming to
Lncretta
and'l
ly considered by them, or freely discussed know next
my mother got a
and
year,
Yet
had
school
they
beneath the liau tree.
make our dresses
of
brown
to
naught to fear. While the young folks whole piece
way too."
cheaper
was
that
f
faces,
set
and
0
—it
)
stood in awe of their firmly
owner of the ban tree,
"Weil,"
said
the
and
adlooks,
the
reverence
still
serious
real good at school, perhaps
miration they commanded could never he "if you're
Dole
will let you come down on
a
Father
so
was
usual
fully expressed. Dignity
then we won't have ti
and
Saturdays,
characteristic of the fathers, that when wait a whole year
before we play here
the
children
about
one inclined to gather
him. and with droll questions, or amusing again."
r
'"
:
Societies
Benevolent and Charitable
S.
By
Mrs. Mary
Whitney
among them. In 1850 there were less
than -2.000 foreigners of all nationalities
this time the
ni ion the islands. About
gave a
California
in
of
gold
discovery
a new
Bread of Life was freely given, the na- new aspect to life here, ofopened
soil,
the
and
products
for
the
tive people were being trained into ways market
with the coast.
traffic
constant
few
introduced
and,
while
of industry and thrift
were rich,'there was no abject poverty
thirty years after the founding of
the mission' upon these Islands no need
was felt for a society specially devoted to
benevolent and charitable work. Ihe
Por
�30
THF
E RIEND
MKB. s C. DAMON
the social life. Many were stranded here
friendless and penniless, and thus the tirst
charitable work was instituted. Dr. and
Mrs. S C. Damon, both of them ever
eager to minister to the needs of the unfortunate and suffering, were instrumental in founding in June, 1852, with
fifty-two members the
that does not tell of the loving care and
constant visiting willingly given to relieve
the suffering in our midst.
Tin- Young Men's Christian Association.
In the spring of 1869, another enterprise, not this time distinctly charitable,
lint markedly benevolent, was founded —
Stranger's Fsuend Society
the Young Men's Christian Association
of
all
the
of
Honolulu. Probably no single organis
the
charitable
which
mother
societies of Hawaii. Mrs. Damon was ization except the churches has for so
president of the Society for thirty-five long a time and to so great an extent inyears until her death in 1800, and it is fluenced the moral and religious life of the
said of her that "never was any needy city. .And perhaps in no city is there a
person turned away unhclped from her greater demand for that which this Assohospitable doors." Mrs. W. F. .Mien ciation offers, for hither drift annually
was president from i8<)o to 1893, when hundreds of voting men from distant
she was succeeded by the present devoted hollies, many for the tirst time deprived
and efficient president, Mrs. Alice Mack- of home influences. Here they find a
intosh. This society has always received cordial welcome, comradeship, sympathy,
the heartiest support and confidence of advice, help, books and everything which
this entire community and has helped can draw them away from the thousand
thousands of homeless men and destitute snares which beset our streets to that
families without regard to creed or na- which is ennobling and true This WOTtionality. Kind friends have endowed thv society recently celebrated its thirtyand given to its care five beds in the third birthday. At that time they reporta library of more than a
Queen's Hospital, giving free treatment ed 4SO members,
books,
a reading room furto
the
thousand
occupants
continually.
and care
They are seldom vacant. The treasurer's nished with seventy-five of the best magbook shows over $35,000 given in char- azines and papers published, a parlor and
itable relief during these fifty years. But recreation rooms with pianos and numer-
nus games, a gymnasium and a class oi
voting men, conducted by Mr. bred
Young, a physical director from the International Y. M. C. A. Training School
ni" Springfield, Mass. Sunday services
and social life, camping and tramping,
classes in typewriting, stenography,
drawing, book-keeping and many other
blanches, are provided under the able
supervision of the General Secretary, Mr.
11. C. Brown. The running expenses of
the past year were $7,590.
_'(io
K
Fre indergarten.
In 1895 a charter was obtained for the
"Free Kindergarten and Children's Aid
Association of the 1 lawaiian Islands. A
host of the benevolent ladies of Honolulu
accepted position upon its numerous committees, funds were contributed liberally,
and an earnest effort wa. ...ade to found
an enterprise which should be practical
and permanent. This effort has been eminently successful. Separate Kindergartens for Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese.
Portuguese, and English speaking children were at once started. In 1890 Miss
Prances Lawrence, from the Cook County Normal School of Chicago, was secured as General Director, and under her
enthusiastic leadership the Association
has prospered in every direction. In re-
�THE FRIEND
cent years the plan of limiting the nationality of the schools has heen changed to
that of cosmopolitan kindergartens—of
which there are five in Honolulu, two on
Maui, and two on Hawaii, besides others
upon various sugar plantations, supported by the plantations.
Three years ago the old home of the
Castle family on King street was donated
to the Kindergarten Association to he
used as a home for homeless and orphan
children. This much needed retreat was
accepted by the Association as a sacred
trust, and has become one of the most
worthy of our charitable institutions.
These two departments of the Kindergarten Association disburse in the neigh
liorhood of $i(),<xx) annually.
WToCYhmeriuns'tagciAso ation.
In May. 1900, the Young Women's
Christian Association was founded with
31
hers, and the expenses during the past
year were over $5,000, largely from donations and subscriptions.
Boys' Brigade.
It would he hard to convince the work-
ers in the Boys' Brigade that any work
could be more worthy the support and
help of benevolent people than this, which
was founded about two years ago, mainly
through the efforts of Mr. 'Theodore
Richards. Boys of all nationalities, but
mainly Hawaiian, are gathered from the
streets, given a military training, and
taught manual work of various kinds. A
reading room furnishes books and papers,
and there is a gymnasium, a night school
and evening entertainments. Their books
show an expenditure of $3,575 the past
year.
Space will not permit reports of many
other equally worthy benevolent and
charitable societies, some of which are
represented elsewhere in this issue of'Tut:
I'kiknii. Temperance work has not been
overlooked, a Woman's Christian Temperance Union has held its steady course
for eighteen years, and an Anti-Saloi m
League has for two years worked effi-
Mrs. 11. li, Coleman as General Secre
This vigorous Association has gone
forward with bounds under the efficient
leadership of Mrs. 11. K. Brown, the present General Secretary and has shown itsell to be in every respect a worthy peer
to the Y. M. C. A. Its methods are all ciently in its special lines. In addition to
up-to-date. It occupies a series of pleas- these there arc in our city charitable soant rooms on the fourth floor of the Bos cieties doing steady and effective work
very cosmolon Building', where a simple and inex- for each nationality in our
which
can
community,
only be
politan
lunch
is
furnished
to
the
pensive noon
members anil their friends. 'The rooms mcntii Hied by name.
British Benevolent Society.
offer also as attractions a weekly Bible
German Benevolent Society.
class, a noon song service, a system of
American Relief Fund.
gunnastie exercises under the care of an
experienced physical director, lectures Portuguese Charitable Society.
Spanish Benevolent Society.
from the best home and foreign talent upeducational,
and
hygienic
Japanese Benevolent Society.
literary
on
Chinese Benevolent Society.
topics. The Association has 500 memlarv.
TheWorkAmong
the Chinese, Japanese
By
Previous to the year 1878 there had
been no organized Christian work for the
Chinese, who had come to Hawaii as laborers on the sugar plantations and in the
rice fields. 'The first importation of coolies was in 1852. Evangelistic work commenced in [868. Rev. Dr. Damon greatly interested himself in the Chinese resident in Honolulu, and a Sunday School
was started in h'ort Street Church, which
resulted in some conversions. 'The ratification of the Reciprocity 'Treaty in
August 1876 by which I lawaiian rice and
sugar wire admitted into the Hutted
States frit' of customs duties was followed by a rapid development of these industries, and Chinese immigration received a great impetus.
In IH7O Rev. Dr. Hyde, in connection
with Mr. Damon, organized, in Honolulu,
a Chinese Church. Dr. Hyde drew up a
Catholic Benevolent Union.
Ladies' Catholic Aid Society.
Though definite figures are not at hand
in every case, it would be safe to say that
these National Societies donate at least
$20,000 a year to the charitable work of
these Islands.
'The list would not be complete without referring to the very commendable
work undertaken and carried on for several years by Miss Alice Heard in Kona,
I lawaii Amid the most healthful and
delightful surroundings Miss Heard has
established an orphan asylum where some
forty-five children of all nationalities are
provided for, taught and trained with the
most devoted care.
Some three years ago the Associated
Charities of Hawaii was founded, with
the hope that under combined and organized effort the various charities here could
be more effectively and economically administered. 'This hope has been realized
and under the presidency from the fust of
Gov. S. B. Dole, has received the interest
and support of the entire community.
Twenty societies have joined the Association and send a delegate to its monthly
meetings. 'The manager, Mrs. E, F. Berber, is a wise and efficient officer, and
under her leadership the charities of the
city arc administered so faithfully that a
public beggar is never seen upon our
streets. Mrs. Hcrgcr permits me to make
the following statement in her name.
"Too much cannot be said for the benevolence of the people of this city. In my
experience, including three years of philanthropic work here, I have never vet
made an appeal for the poor that has not
been met both promptly and generously."
and
Portuguese Races
Mrs. C. M. Hyde
covenant and articles of faith which he ship and to them belongs the honor, so
sent to San Francisco for correct transla- far as is known, of being the tirst Chinese
tion into Chinese. It is interesting to note congregation anywhere to put up a
that in the covenant the word used for church building for themselves. It was a
consecration is the same as that foun ! in
the plantation contracts, the professing
disciple "shipped" to the Lord Jesus.
'There being no one in Honolulu who
could speak both English and Chinese Dr.
Hyde sent to San Francisco for a Chinki necessary
ese dictionary and other
for a working knowledge of the language
The coming of an interpreter for the
Courts and the decision of Mr. Frank
Damon in 1881 to engage in missionary
work for the Chinese, rendered this
undertaking unnecessary and the books
were turned over to Mr. Damon.
The Chinese, with the aid of foreign
friends, in 1879 raised the funds necessary for the erection of a house of wor-
1
marked Providence that gave Mr. Damon.
with his unbounded zeal and enthusiasm,
to the building up of this church and all
other Christian work among the Chinese,
and a not less remarkable Providence
that brought to these Islands in lX8; Miss
Mary flapper, as the wife of Mr. Damon.
Porn in Canton, China, her knowledge of
the language and her inherited missionary Spirit, combined with rare good judgment, has made her an invaluable coworker with her husband.
Mr. Damon not being an ordained minister, it devolved on Dr. Hyde to administer the communion, baptize the children
and perform the marriage ceremony,
which he did for twenty years, at the last,
�32
THE FRIEND
In 1887 Mr. Miyama of the M. E.
Church of San Francisco came to Honolulu and conducted services in the Japanese language and in 1888 the first Japanese Church in the Islands was organized
in the Fort Street Church. "At the time
of the baptism of the first converts, it was
a striking spectacle that was presented,
with Mr. Ando at one end of the kneeling
penitents and his yard man at the other.
some thirty or forty bearing testimony."
'The boarding school for hoys, on Mr. Mr. John 'Thomas Watcrliouse granted
Damon's premises, with its artistic build- the use of the Lyceum, for the new orings of Chinese architecture, has proved ganization, and Miss Caroline Castle
deservedly popular with the Chinese and rendered invaluable service in the way of
the mission has been increased in effi- leadership and instruction, in music. Mr.
ciency by aid from teachers connected and Mrs. Ando were indefatigable in
with this school and by the coining of Mr. their efforts for the highest welfare of the
and Mrs. K. W. Timing, from mission Japanese and organized a temperance and
work in China. Mr. 'Timing has, until a benevolent society. The former with
the coining of Mr. Wong, the present Mr. Ando as president, soon numbered a
preacher, conducted the Sunday services thousand members. The benevolent soin the church in place of the Chinese ciety with Mrs. Ando as president, raised
preachers formerly employed. 'The num- large sums of money for the needy. In
ber of communicants in tin- various 1889 the ill-health of Mrs. Ando necessichurches in the Islands, is, today. tB«j.
tated a return to Japan. Fortunately in
In 1886 special treaty arrangements August iKij2 Mr. and Mrs. < Irranici II
were made with Japan and with the tirst (iulick were transferred from mission
importation of laborers came Mr. Taro work in Japan to Honolulu. 'Their knowlAndo, as Consul-General, to look after edge of the language and the people,
the interest of the Japanese. 'The Sunday rendered them admirably fitted to take
after the immigrants were released from charge <>f the Japanese work in Hawaii.
quarantine Dr. Hyde arranged for a ser- Coming hack to the land of their birth
vice in the Y. M. C. A. Hall mid asked they had special interest in all that perMiss Julia (iulick, a missionary from tained to its highest advancement. As a
Japan, to address them. He then estab- result of their laliors. we now find ten
lished a regular preaching service in siations established, with a membership
Hall, speaking through an of 774. During the past year Dr. and
Queen Emma'This
service was attended by Mrs. Dorcmus Scudder, who were coninterpreter.
the Consul-General, his wife and the nected with the Japan mission some years
members of the Consulate, Mr. Ando ago, were induced to leave their pastorsoon acting as interpreter. 'The conver- ate in Massachusetts and come here to
sion of Mr. Ando and his wife was soon engage in work for the Japanese, Ihev
follow cd by that of all the members of the are 1 ow in Japan preparing for this work.
Desiring diversified labor the planters
consulate.
baptizing the children of the children of
years gone by. As English scribe he pre
served the names of the original members
and of accessions, "noting against the
quaint Chinese characters on the roll, the
names as spelled in English, together with
addresses and occupations." In time, increase of numbers demanded an enlargement of the church building and it was at
this time that a purchase was made of the
old Fort Street Church organ.
imported Portuguese from the Azores.
Being nominally connected with the
Roman Catholic Church there seemed at
first 110 occasion for missionary work
among them. Miss E, B. Knight, I lonic
Secretary of the Woman's Board of Missions, in one of her monthly reports,
called the attention of the ladies to the
large number of children swarming in
Ihe streets. She reminded them of their
responsibility in the matter and as a result of this appeal a Sunday school was
started by Mrs. J. M. Whitney with Mr.
B. F. Dillingham as superintendent. 'To
the faithful labors of Mr. and Mrs. A. F.
Cooke and Mr. W. A. Bovvcn, the present
superintendent, the success of the school
today, is largely due. In 1890 the I lawaiian Board having received from Mr.
P. C. Jones four thousand dollars, commissioned Dr. 11yde to secure workers for
the opening of a Portuguese mission, lie
fortunately was able to persuade Mr. and
Mrs. A. \. Soares of Springfield, Illinois,
workers of rare Christian spirit, to come
to Honolulu and labor for their own people. December. 1890, a chapel was dedicated and in June, 1892, a Portuguese
church was organized with Mr. Soares as
pastor. The growing congregation demanded larger quarters and sonic live
years later the tine commodious structure
at the corner of Miller and Vineyard
streets was erected, the mission property
representing some twenty-five thousand
dollars. 'There is also a church in Hilo
and a station on Maui, the total membership being 179.
In this bringing of the Gospel to the
various nationalities in Hawaii nci, a
wink undertaken and carried on by the
I lawaiian Board, can we not see the fulfilment of the prophecy "and the Isles
shall wait for his law."
�33
THE FRIEND
Other Religious Bodies Besides the American Mission
By
Rev. W. D. Westervelt
wrote in
middling
bringing
islands."
These American missionaries Oct, 15.
ißk), in the vestry of Park Street church,
Boston, Mass., had been organized into a
( )n May 4, 1820, Don Marin
his diary, "This day arrived a
sized brig called the Thaildcus,
American Missionaries to these
church for transplantation.
'This was the tirst church in the Ha
waiian islands.
Almost all other relig-
ious bodies in this territory found in this
transplanted organization a beginning
from which they have in some degree
developed.
Before this church reached the islands
a Roman Catholic priest, a chaplain on
the French discovery-ship "Uranie" baptized on August 14, ISll>, Kalanimoku,
the prime minister under King Liholiho.
< In the 27th of August he baptized Boki,
the acting governor of ()alui, a younger
brother of Kalanimoku.
Eight months later Kalanimoku welcomed the Protestant missionaries and
heartily cooperated with their plans, In
December, 1825, he was the first to sign
the covenant in accordance with which
Kawaiahao church came into being. Thus
within a few months both Catholic and
Protestant religious life touched these
Islands.
After the American missionaries were
established in their labors, the Catholics
were the tirst religious body to enter Hawaii. The tirst mass was celebrated July
14, 1827. A small chapel was opened and
congregation gathered in the early pari of
1828. Under Queen Kaahumanu and the
ruling chiefs a number of Catholics were
punished and the two leading priests were
sent out of the country. "'The missionaries remonstrated with the chiefs against
persecution for religious opinions." How
ever "in the minds of the chiefs the Catholics were identified with the faction of
Boki and Liliha, who were plotting the
overthrow of the government."
The Catholics had steady growth troin
this time on. In IS4O their first permanent church building was commenced. In
1845 the first mass was celebrated within
its walls.
At the close of the year i<>o2, the probability is that the churches of the Catholic
Mission and of the American Mission are
about equal in number of buildings and
adherents. It is also probable that a
greater spirit of fellowship now exists between the two bodies than in any time
past.
Differences of opinion do little
harm. 'The danger lies in antagonisms.
In 1833 the crying need of special work
among the white residents led to the organization of the Bethel Church. Rev.
John Diehl, the first pastor, died in 1841.
Rev. Samuel C. Damon, after a long and
useful pastorate, died in 1885. Dr. ()g--gcl. the third pastor, continued with the
church until it united with Port Street
Church to form Central Union Church.
In iß(>2 King Alexander Liholiho—
Kainehauieha IV, "translated the English Book of Common Prayer into the
Hawaiian language." In October of the
same year Bishop Staley arrived, authorized by the Church of England to establish Episcopacy in Honolulu. This was.
by request of Kanichameha IV and
Queen Emma. For a number of years
Bishop Willis faithfully held this bishopric, resigning in H>o2 to take a similar
.
position in Tonga. Bishop Restarick, an
earnest and inllucntial man, was appointed to this held after a union had been
cemented with the Episcopal Church as
represented in the United States. 'The
growth of this body has been slow There
arc now live or six preaching stations and
a preaching force of perhaps ten min-
isters.
'The Mormons arc said to have commenced,their mission in 1850. Their converts are scattered over all the islands.
Ihev number about nine per cent ol all
those who in the census returns have reported their religious affiliations. 'This
mission owns a small sugar plantation at
Laic, on the island of ( )ahu.
The Methodist Episcopal Church took
up its work for the redemption of Hawaii by establishing missions among the
Japanese. They sent into the islands Japanese preachers of earnest consecrated
spirit. One of them as he came to his
work said, "I know not much—but I
know to tell the story." 'The story was
told so effectually that a goodly number
of Japanese were converted. Rev. C. M.
Harris, D.D., who was very helpful in
this mission, was largely instrumental in
establishing the Honolulu organization in
1804. This church, commencing with
fifteen members, has secured one of the
best sites for buildings ill the city, and
now, under the charge of Rev. (i L.
Pearson, ranks as one of the strong moral
forces of our 'Territory.
The Christian Church was organized
in the year 1894. It does not possess
a large membership, nor does it extend its branches into the other islands.
Nevertheless in Honolulu it has the reputation of being the most active in city
missions, watching for and entering into
the excellent opportunities for establishing missions in the suburbs of Honolulu.
Its pastors have left marked impressions
on the ieligious life of the city. Rev. E.
S. Muckley, the present pastor, is faithfully carrying out the principles upon
�34
which the church was founded.
Rev. Harts [senberg has for a number
of years ministered to a body of Lutherans on Kauai, coming occasionally to Honolulu to hold special services with his
Herman friends. In 190 1 a handsome
edifice was erected in Honolulu by the
Lutherans and Rev. W. Fenny called as
pastor. They have a very good congregation and are doing a helpful work in
the community.
The Adventist Church has had an or-
THE FRIEND
ganization in Honolulu since about 1885 Meetings are held every night of the
For a long time the church had meetings week, both on the street and in the Misfrom house lo house without a regulai sion hall.
minister. Rev. J. 11. Behrens is now the
A small company of Theosophists hold
settled pastor.
meetings regularly in a hall. Buddhists
For eight years the Salvation Ainu ! among the Japanese, and (.'onfucia-lists
has been welcomed and assisted by till among the Chinese, have a number of
church people of Honolulu. 'They have temples throughout the islands. It would
soldiers located on all the principal be safe to say that two-thirds of the present population of these islands arc still
islands of the group.
The Peniel Mission is doing good work thoroughly heathen, to whom Christianfor the street wanderers of Honolulu. ity is as unknown as the stars.
.EE
arlyMison xperiences..
By Anna
M. Paris
A few extracts from the letters of Mrs. We have a house and church to build,
Mary Grant Paris, written in the early- with such assistance as can be procured—
forties to friends in New York, serve to which is miserable enough —the language
show the remoteness and isolation of to learn and the people pressing hard for
some of the Hawaiian Mission stations. instruction, which will stimulate every
Certainly the heroism and devotion of exertion we can possibly bear." * * *
those sent to remote places, in those early After arriving from Honolulu at Kealadays, was put to the test and not found kekua, Kona, the journey from there to
wanting. Mrs. Paris, with her husband, Kau is thus described: "We left Mr.
arrived with the reinforcement of 1841 Forbes's station at three in the afternoon
and were the first missionaries stationed in a double canoe, which 1 can liken to
in the Kau district. To quote from her nothing else than two troughs, fastened
together with strong pieces of wood, in
letters:
"Our attention was directed to this field the middle of which are placed a couple
by the Mission, as being one of great des- of boards on which you may sit or lie
titution, containing 4,500 souls, many of down with no covering. We met with a
whom had never seen a missionary. The hard shower an hour after starting and
Mission had been looking for some years put in to the nearest landing, where we
for a family who were able and willing to found a kind of shelter, an old canoe
labor alone so remote from any other sta- house, where we made a fire and dried
tion. We are ninety miles from Hilo,
Mr. Coan's station, and they are our nearest neighbors, as the other route, to Kealakekua, on the Kona side, where Mr.
Forbes lives, is partly reached by canoe
and is only safe when the wind favors.
by a hundred
natives. We put again to sea and it
rained but little after, but I had to sit in
the same position, with a babe in my
arms, from that time till near noon the
next day, when we arrived at the beach,
our clothes, surrounded
which was low, lonely and extremely hot.
After testing in a native house and taking
some food which we had brought with us,
we proceeded on our way. About two
miles from the beach, we came to a precipice 1,500 feet high and almost perpendicular. Its appearance is that of rough
clay and rock intermixed. 'The path made
by the natives is winding. It is a way,
not a path. I was carried part of the way
on a "manele" which Mr. Paris made for
me in Kona, with four natives to carry it.
'They are very kind, and so sure footed
your safest way is to trust yourself entirely to them. I did so and did not look
around lest my head should swim, and
si Kin found myself in the upper region
and in quite a different climate." * *
"We have a small house prepared for our
use until we can build. 'The people of
this region w hen they heard a teacher was
coming put up—of their nrc/i accord —a
small square house of stone laid in with
mud, with three doors and no window, in
true native style. We have made it as
comfortshlp 11*1 i>ossil)lc nut it is not suit-
*
�35
THE FRIEND
cd to the winter season. It is thatched
with straw and the thatch admits the
wind so freely we can not sit comfortably
without wrapping up as though we were
on a journey. When it rains, as it sometimes does for several days, everything in
the house, bed-clothes and all, are wet as
though they had been in the rain." :;: *
"This is a dark corner of the island. 'The
people have received less instruction and
light than at any other spot, owing to
their distance from a station. It is literally darkness that can be felt. < >ur room
i- often full before breakfast —all kinds of
diseases, all ages and descriptions of people. It is truly affecting to see the parent
who a few years ago had destroyed his
children, now begin to experience the first
breathings of natural affection and bring
the helpless infant a few weeks old.
slung in a piece of tapa, and lay it in our
door for help. Dependent as the people
are for all that pertains to their well being upon their teachers, they regard them
with no ordinary interest—placing implicit confidence in their judgment and
decisions. As physicians for the body they
have great confidence in our skill and in
the efficacy of our medicine. Although
my knowledge of the language is imperfect as yet I am obliged to put in practice
all I posses and what I can obtain from
the vocabulary."
L'nder date of 1844. the process of
building the church is thus described : "It
is a great work indeed with such ma
tcrials as Kau can afford. 'The walls are
of stone, put up by the natives, the lime
obtained from the coral reef six miles distant. 'They dive deep for it. break it off
and bring it home on their shoulders. It
is then burned for lime. The sand also is
carried in calabashes from the sea shore.
Every man, woman and child in the
church gives what he can if it he no more
than a tapa. Then all hold themselves in
readiness to work when called upon. With
their teacher at their head they ascend the
mountain to the woods, cut down the
trees, and then men. women and children
lay hold of the ropes that are tied t > the
logs and draw them down to the spot for
building, where '.hey hew them. 'The
women also bring the grass which is dried
It
and prepared for thatching."
is a year since we have received letters
from home. "There has been no arrival
from New York or Boston this year.
Xever since I left have I desired so much
to see a newspaper that I might know
something of what the world was doing
j;
:: "It is ;i
as I do at present." *
month since we were gratified by the reception of your letters and papers by the
William (irav. The vessel in which they
were sent from Honolulu to Hilo was a
month at sea. owing to contrary winds.
She usually arrives in six days. The
special messenger by which they were
sent from Hilo to this place was more
than a week on the way. when he should
have been but three days, as he lost the
mad, but they at length arrived, and if
it Were true in ancient days that 'as cold
water to a thirsty soul, so is g 1 news
111 mi a far country,'it is true now that in
ibis remote corner of the island of Hawaii, it is a pleasure unspeakable to hear
from dear friends in our far distant native
.
land."
The Growth of Civil Government in Hawaii
By
Gov. SanfordB. Dole
The character of authority in the Ha- ineha 11. and desired to make a redistriwaiian Islands at the time of their discov- bution of the lands of the realm accordery by Captain Cook in 177K was feudal. ing to the established custom, he found
A number of independent principalities the opposition of this action, led by Kuexisted. The course of evolution aided hina Nui Kaahmnanu, too strong for
by considerable warfare between these him, and beyond a few assignments to
powers gradually reduced them in num- some of his intimate friends he relinber, until each of the large islands was quished ins purpose. Moreover at a meetgoverned by a single chief, and finally the ing of the chiefs after the death of Kaprocess culminated through war and mehameha II to consider the question of
diplomacy in the union of all the islands the succession to the throne, Kalaimoku.
the regent, referring to the inconvenunder Kamehamcha the hirst.
he
arising from the reversion of lands
the
this
iences
sovereign
reign of
During
had expressed views in favor of the he- to the king upon the death of their occureditary descent of lands, in place of the pants, a custom partially revived under
existing system, under which the reigning Kamehamcha IT, stated that it had been
chief controlled the entire real estate of fue wish of Kamehamcha I. to substitute
the kingdom and parcelled it out and took for it, hereditary succession, and proit hack again according to his view of posed that they carry out this project and
public policy or even arbitrarily at times establish it as law. Several chiefs at once
as the whim of the moment dictated. exclaimed, "all the laws of the great KaThese views appear to have had great in- mehameha were good; let us have the
fluence with the chiefs, for when Liho- same." Lord Byron, Captain of H. 15 M.
liho succeeded to the throne as Kameha- S. Blonde, was then in Honolulu and pre-
�36
THE FRIEND
I'hcitc.s l>\
sented the council with written suggestions in relation to the public administration of affairs which included also a
recommendation in favor of the hereditary descent of lands.
Although the conclusion of this council of chiefs on the subject probably did
not have the force of law, yet they had a
powerful intlueiice during the following fourteen years, not only over public sentiment in relation to individual
right in land, but in relation also
and inevitably, to the status of the
sovereign as affected by the growing perception of individual rights. The existing system of government was so inextricably interwoven with the system of
land administration, that no radical
change in the latter could take place without changing the character of the former.
In fact the land system was the basis of
Hawaiian feudalism and when that disappeared the feudal features of the government necessarily went with it.
In 1833 Kauikeaouli, then 20 years old,
assumed the throne as Kamehameha 111.
and soon became deeply interested in public affairs among which land matters were
the most puzzling and the most difficult.
The long period of peace since the wars
of Kamehameha I. together with the
growing sentiment in favor of hereditary
descent of landed property, had tended toward stability in land tenures. Moreover
KiiiK Brother!»n<l Darejr.
a considerable land business had been of all men to acquire and hold property in
going on in which lands had been bought legitimate ways under the protection of
and sold, as well as given away.
the laws.
Many discussions were had not only
The bill of rights proclaimed by the
with the Council of Chiefs, hut also with
and
King in 1839, recognized mainly this
the American and British naval com- the rights of all to the homesteads they
manders on the subject,—among whom were occupying. It was a statute of great
were Commodore Kennedy who visited significance
and of far-reaching influence.
Honolulu in the United States frigate Although it was in some degree a recogPeacock, in company with the brig Enter- nition of the advance of a public sentiprise, in 1836, and Captain Bruce, who ment too strong under the changed condicame the year after in H. B. M. S. 11110tions, to be ignored, yet due credit must
--gene. The influence of Mr. Richards in
be given it as a wise, valiant and patriotic
shaping events, was doubtless most ef- measure, which opened the door to the
fective, for not only was he the trusted new civilization and made possible all the
advisor of the chiefs, but for a time he progress that has since taken place, not
carried on a school for them for the study the least of the results of which, is the
of principles of government.
swift success the native Hawaiian has
As the years went by, the king and the achieved in the mastery of civilization.
chiefs began dimly to see that with the
decadence of feudal authority, with its After the promulgation of this bill of
control of the people through the old re- rights, the features of responsible and
ligion and the strict requirements of land representative government followed in
occupancy, something must be provided due course, and almost as a matter of
was
to take its place whereby their authority course;—recognition that the King
new
not
under
the
dethe
government
should be continued and the people should
have sufficient inducements to industry. parture, the separation of the legislative,
It was a difficult problem for these men, executive and judicial powers of governwith their limited experience and without ment, and the organization by law of
opportunities of observing the workings these divisions, which was completed in
of other systems of government; but they the year 1847.
faced it with great patience, industry and The development of the government
patriotism. Their minds first reached since that time has been in accordance
definite conclusions in regard to the right with the principles recognized in the bill
�37
THE FRIEND
is above expressed, neither shall any tax
of rights of Kamehameha 111. This document is of such importance in the discussion of this subject, that I desire to
make it a part of my contribution if the
editors of The Friend have room for it.
It is as follows:
"God hath made of one blood all nations of men to dwell on the earth in unity
and blessedness. God hath also bestowed
certain rights alike on all men and all
chiefs, and all people of all lands.
"These are some of the rights which
He has given alike to every man and
every chief of correct deportment: life,
limb, liberty, freedom from oppression,
the earnings of his hands and the productions of his mind—not, however, to those
who act in violation of the laws.
"God has also established government
and rule for the purpose of peace; but in
making laws for the nation it is by no
be assessed, nor any service or labor required of any man in a manner which is
at variance
with the above sentiments.
"The above sentiments are hereby proclaimed for the purpose of protecting
alike both the people and the chiefs of all
these islands while they maintain a correct deportment; that no chief may be
able to oppress any subject, but that
chiefs and people may enjoy the same
protection under one and the same law.
"Protection is hereby secured to the
persons of all the people, together with
their lands, their building lots and all
their property, while they conform to the
laws of the kingdom, and nothing whatever shall be taken from any individual
except by express provision of the laws.
Whatever chief shall act perseveringly in
violation of this declaration shall no longer remain a chief of the Hawaiian Islands,
and the same shall be true of the governors, officers and all land agents. But if
anyone who is deposed should change his
course and regulate his conduct by law,
it shall then he in the power of the chiefs
to reinstate him in the place he occupied
pievious to his being deposed."
means proper to enact laws for the pro-
tection of the rulers only, without also
providing protection for their subjects;
neither is it proper to enact laws to enrich the chiefs only, without regard to
enriching their subjects also, and hereafter there shall by no means be any laws
enacted which are at variance with what
Central Union Church
By
W. L.
Whitney
Although Central Union Church does
its existence directly to the
American Board, still its connection with
that organization has always been so intimate and the two have to such an extent worked hand in hand in these islands
that the story of the American Board in
Hawaii would not be complete without
some account of that church which has
been its strongest support.
The history of the church dates back to
the days of the Seamen's Chaplaincy. In
1833 practically the only commercial interest in these islands centered around the
fleet of whalers which each season filled
our harbor or floundered in the waves,
lying off and on. outside the bar. Hence
it is that in that year the Seamen's Friend
Society sent hither the Rev. John Diell to
undertake the work of the Society among
the sailors and to establish a chapel in
Honolulu. At his death in 18.12. the Rev.
S. C. Damon succeeded him in his work
and as pastor of the Bethel Church. Ten
years later the growing population, wealth
and influence of the town led some to believe that it was time to leave the fold of
the Seamen's Friend Society and form a
separate and self-supporting rhurch. and
by their efforts, in ißt;2, the Second Foreign Church in Honolulu came into existence. Worshiping for four years in
.the old Court House, for many years
Iknown as the store of H. Hackfeld & Co..
not owe
they in 1856 built a permanent house of
worship at the corner of Fort and Beretania streets and the name of the organization was changed to the Fort Street
Church of Honolulu.
We cannot be too grateful to the kind
providence that led these two churches,
in 1887, to reunite. The case, we believe,
is almost without precedent. Two well
established churches, each in a flourishing
condition, each strong in numbers and influence, each hound by ties of association
and friendship to his own church, of their
own free will giving up all that surrounds and makes one's own church dear
above all others, for the good of the work
and the advancement of the Kingdom,
pledging their strength, their effort, their
faith and heart to the new union church.
Small wonder it is that a beginning to
propitious has led along an unbroken path
to the Central Union Church of today, a
church of nearly a thousand members, the
mightiest power for good in the land.
Especially happy has the church heen
in its pastors. Almost its first official act
was the call of our beloved and revered
His hand, strong yet
Dr. Beckwith.
gentle, guided the new union over the
first seven years of its life, times when the
slightest jar or the least misunderstanding
would have caused a wound deep and
slow to heal. The whole-hearted love and
admiration that the church gave him
�38
THE FRIEND
cemented it as naught else could have
done. Worshipped by the young people,
beloved and respected by even the eldest,
he led his flock until, feeling that the burden of so large a pastorate was too severe
for his years, at his own earnest solicitations and amid the universal sorrow ol
the congregation, the church and the
whole city, he laid down the work to accept the pastorate at Paia, Maui.
After him came Dr. A. S. Twombly,
the Rev. S. L. P.. Penrose and Dr. R. < '•.
Iliitchins, who for various seasons, at the
request of the church, occupied the pul-
The Cost of the
pit. Then for three years the Rev. bers, both collectively and as individuals,
Douglas P. P.irnie was the pastor, and jhave heen the supporters of the American
four years since a gracious Providence and Hawaiian Hoards in Hawaii, of misgranted to the church him who, we pray, sions among the Chinese, Japanese, Pormav long occupy this honored place, the tugucse and llawaiians. But a detailed
account thereof would in large measure
Rev. William M. Kincaid.
( )f the work of the church in the past be but the history of these several organand now, time and space prohibit the izations. In fact SO hound up is the
writer to speak. Much might be told of[church m every good work of the cointhe missions of the church how that inunity. that scarce a society or an organ
many have found through it an opportun* ization can make even the most cursory
itv to go to foreign fields which otherwise report but that between the lines can be
would have been closed to them. Still read the name and fame of Central Union
more might be written of how its mem- Church.
:
American Board's Work in
Hawaii
'The American Hoard of Commissioners for Foreign Missions began expendi
for its work in the Hawaiian Islands in iKi<). in which $132.50 was spent for
$ 10.3j0.30
preparatory work. The expenditures in iBj<> were
and the expenditures in periods of ten years were as follows:
S0.jjb.45
iSin to iSjiS inclusive
iSju u. 1838
"
233.IOI.y8
lures
—
1839 to 1849
1858
1859 to 1868
i860 to 1878
"
"
"
"
"
1898
""
1S41) to
1S71) to
i88y to
1888
189c) to 1902
366,419.84
249.496.8tj
270,024.70
170,661.21
1t2.897.18
72,028.03
J3.
100.0,
$ 1 -577•n 5''-7
"Total expenditures
Treasurer,
A.
Huston, Mass.. November
i<>,
B.C. F. M.
1903.
An Estimate of the Work in Hawaii of the Missionaries of the
American Board
By
When the tirst American missionaries
arrived at Hawaii in the spring of iSjo,
they found a nation eager to know more
of civilization, hut to whom its touch had
so far brought only ruin and death. Intercourse with the Christian world till
then had been through the frequent visits
of commercial ships. 'The 1 lawaiian had
learned much of the lower, but knew little
of the better phases of civilization. Rum
and disease had accomplished a terrible
reduction in numbers. It is true that by
an edict of ihe King who had just come
to the throne, idolatry was abolished, but
tiie darkest superstition anil the utmost
depravity existed everywhere. The work
of die missionaries might have been as
effectual, probably more so, if they had
found an absolutely primitive people,
Hon. W. R. Castle
without any acquaintance whatsoever
with the benefits or evils of the white
mart's civilization.
If the missionaries had not come, or
had they not possessed the intelligence
and high personal character which distinguished the ntissii 111. the history of I law aii
might have been written on the same page
with the story of Other savage nations
coining in contact with commercial civilization only. 'The avarice of the trader
would have speedily pushed them to the
wail, and the country, after a few years
of bloodshed and debauchery, would have
been seized by some European power.
Instead of this, a band of energetic, intelligent and determined men. whose ultimate aim was to save the souls of the
people, went to work mid, as a means to
that end, proceetkd, in an extremely sensible way, to educate the nation, not only
in book learning, but in the arts of civilization. The people were taught trades,
tin implements of civilized agriculture
and mechanics were placed in their hands,
and they were shown how to use them.
The effort was made to improve their
manner of living so that they might remain strong and sturdy while changing
from savage to civilized life.
The principles of orderly government
were taught. Despotic chiefs learned that
every man, no matter how humble in station or poor in condition, had rights.
Courts were instituted to settle peaceably
questions, which, before that, had been
decided by force. The pc iple learned that
justice was not a thing of purchase, but
�39
THE FRIEND
all who had claims to land had these
claims adjudicated, and received from the
hoard the symbols of absolute title. ()ver
eleven thousand awards were made, and
for the first time in history, the humble
native looked upon the little house-lot and
kalo patch as his own, without fear of the
chief. No greater boon could have heen
given to the people, viewed from the
standpoint of civilization, and this has
been recognized ever since as one of the
highest achievements of Christian civilization in 1 lawaii.
The establishment of the land system
was followed by the grant of the constitution of 1852, and the inciting of a lawmaking body elected by the people. The
ernment, wis established.
that the people were, of right,
In consequence of the establishment of principle
legislate equally with the King,
entitled
to
orderly government, Hawaii was recog was thus established.
nized by the nations as an independent
( >nc of the tirst efforts of the missionautonomy, and thus took its place among
was to educate the people. In this
aries
the nations of the world and was recognobly seconded by many <>f the
were
they
rights
with
the
nized as possessing equal
'The
.vsnlt has been a diffusion of
chiefs.
others. Consular courts, the irritating
which has made
education
elementary
in
of
faith
evidence
one country's lack of
stand high in comparison with
Hawaii
the justice and wisdom of another, were other nations of the world, hew can show
never established in Hawaii.
so low a percent of illiteracy.
If the
Perhaps the noblest monument to the standard has been lowered in recent
work and influence of the missionaries years, the I lawaiian is not to blame. 'The
was the establishment, in those early incoming tide from other nations has
days, of the land system. A long and se- done it. The educational work so earvere struggle between the King and the nestly started impressed its stamp upon
nobility resulted in a surrender by ihe the nation, and never has this cause aplatter of all of their landed property. pealed to deaf ears, in asking of the legisThey had been held under a sort of feudal lature aid and recognition.
tenure the wretched tenant had no rights.
To the missionaries of the American
the
to
the
chiels
conveyed
return,
King
Hoard
is due, as a result of orderly govIn
a proportion of their lands, either in fee ernment in Hawaii, the preservation of
simple, or with a title which could be re- the nation as an entity, while others have
duced to a fee by the payment of a cer- gone to their graves, 'To theni is due the
tain commutation. The nobles were then long course of preparation which fitted
compelled to recognize the existence of Hawaii to put off a monarchical and asrights in the common people higher than sume a republican form of government
those of mere serfs, in lands occupied by without shock or disaster, and thus to bethem. A "Board of Commissioners to come a part of, and one with, the greatest
Quiet Hand 'Titles" was established, and nation of the earth.
a matter of right to be equally dealt out
to all. A regular judicial system was established extending to the lowest courts
in far off corners of the land, into which
all might go.
Capricious orders of the King or chief
gave way to edicts or laws proclaimed
throughout the land to apply to all, both
high and low. An instrument which is
now regarded as a bill of rights or constitution, was issued in 1840. 'This was followed by the regular issue and publication of laws. 'Taxes were put upon a
basis of some regularity. 'The principle
that all, whether chief or common, must
in a proportionate degree sustain the gov-
:
of Our Christian Work
The Future Maintenance
Atherton
By
J. B.
What is the Hawaiian Board, or more
properly speaking, the Hoard of the
Hawaiian Evangelical Association, and
what is its Christian work that calls for
maintenance? Is its work of such iharacter and importance to the welfare of
these Islands as to not only commend it to
the people, Christian and non-Christian.
but to call forth from them the necessary
funds for its proper support now and in
the future?' 'The Hawaiian Evangelical
Association was founded in 1863 and was
organized for "mutual council and assistance in the great work of propagating the
Gospel of Christ and to enter into common measures for promoting knowledge
•md the Christian religion, establishing
churches and pastors in these islands and
aiding schools of different kinds, for the
printing of Bibles, tracts and books of
such kinds as shall in the opinion of the
Association be adapted to promote its
objects."
This Association appointed an Executive Committee to he of not less than eighteen members and to be called "The
Hoard of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association." 'This Hoard soon found it necessary in order to carry on the work intrusted to it md to hold property, to ask
of the Hawaiian Government a Charter of
Incorporation, which was granted Febru-
�40
THE FRIEND
Work on the plantations and in the
ary, 1873, during the short reign of Luna- The demands on the Hawaiian Board for
lilo, and under which charter the Board Christian work among the Chinese and cities and villages is constantly increashas worked for about thirty years.
Japanese especially was and is still great; ing, owing to the continued influx of new
In the beginning its work was almost the work was assumed and Christian laborers from Japan and elsewhere, and
wholly among Hawaiians ; many churches workers were found or imported from to assume this increasing work, money
were organized, and others aided as their China and Japan, and much faithful work must be had or the Hawaiian Board canneeds required ; boarding schools were es- has been done, the fruits of which are not successfully cope with it. I cannot
tablished, such as The Hilo Boys' Board- seen in the churches and schools organ- believe that the Christian people of these
ing School, Kohala, Maunaolu, and Ka- ized not only in this city but on the other Islands, be they owners or shareholders
waiahao Female Seminaries, at which a islands and on the plantations. Success- in the sugar estates or not, will wish to
large number of boys and girls, mainly ful work has also been done among the see Christian work hampered or hindered
Hawaiian, have been taken care of, fur- Portuguese, as witness the flourishing through lack of the needed funds for its
nished with good homes for the greater I churches in this city and in Hilo. The support. One cannot look over the field
part of the year and under careful train- jwork of the Hawaiian Board among the and not see that work among the laboring
ing, have received such an education as different nationalities of laborers has been population is certain to increase, and to
fitted them for lives of usefulness after greatly strengthened and encouraged by be negligent of it and allow the poor and
patting out from the influence of these in- the friendly attitude and financial assist- ignorant to live in our midst without givance of the Boards of Directors and man- ing the best of our efforts in time and
stitutions.
As the Hawaiian work, for good rea- agers of the various plantations; they money to their improvement, morally and
sons declined, other Christian work was recognizing the value of the work being spiritually, is to invite disorder, vice and
forced upon the Hawaiian Hoard and done by the Board among their laborers, crime and will certainly result in disaster
commanded its attention. 'This was large- all tending to better morals, and naturally more or less severe to all our industrial
ly, if not wholly due to the enlargement to their being better workers. It is the interests. In view then of the great and
of the sugar industry in these Islands, part of wisdom, even worldly wisdom, for important work which is now before us.
which called for an increased supply of plantation owners to do all possible to and being done largely by the I lawaiian
laborers. 'The great number required, bring their laborers under the influence Hoard, and which is to he done in the
compelled the plantation owners to seek of Christian workers, to provide schools future to a much larger extent, ! dv not
for laborers outside of the Hawaiian of the Kindergarten grade for their child- hesitate to say that the future maintenIslands, and so in the course of a few ren ; and those doing the most in these arcc of our Christian work is laid upon
years there were found on the islands lines will, 1 feel sure, reap their reward in the people of the islands in no uncertain
laborers from many lands and islands of better dividends besides having the sat- manner and they should see to it for their
the seas. 'The largest supply has come isfaction of knowing that they have own preservation as well as that of their
from China, the Azores and Japan, and it helped in the Christian and moral eleva- children and the industrial prosperity of
is among these peoples that the Hawaiian tion of their fellowmen, even the laborers all that the necessary funds are provided
Hoard has been doing an important work. in the field.
from time to time.
HONOLULU lIAKHOR
By P. M. Pond
1778 Capl. Janus Cook,
on his way
Sea in search for a northwest
passage, discovered in the mid-Pacific a
group of small islands called by the natives Hawaii, or as he spelled it, Ovvhyhee. 'There was perhaps at that time not
a spot 011 the globe more remote from the
paths ot ihe trader; not an ocean waste
more trackless or barren of commerce
than the vast Pacific.
Though a thriving trade in sandalwood
with China sprang up in 1810, and the
In
to Hiring
whaling fleet began to winter in Hawaii
in 1819, it was not till somewhere in the
fifties that Hawaii began to assume to
any degree the character of a commercial
center.
Prior to that time the Pacific was practically unknown to commerce —its American shores still unpopulated, the Orient
inhospitable and unexplored.
But the annexation of California, and
the gold excitement of '49, turned the
eyes of the world to the Pacific. In 1854,
Photi) by
KhiK Braa.
aHsawiCCModm=Percfl enter
Commodore Perry opened the ports of
japan. In iB6O the first trans-continental
railroad was completed, and the following year saw the inauguration of a
through steamer service from San Francisco to Australia, via Honolulu. Thus
Hawaii was no longer remote, but had
become a strategic point on a great artery
of the world's commerce.
Meanwhile the small colony of foreigners in the islands was developing Hawaii's natural resources. The country
�41
THE FRIEND
no mineral wealth whatever;
agriculture was obviously to be its main
reliance. Rice, coffee, silk and the cereals
were early introduced, and grown with
varying profit. But the raising of sugar
cane was to prove the chief industry.
afforded
ago. So marked is the shortage of labor,
and so disastrous its results that relief
from some source is indispcnsible to the
recovery of the country from its present
business depression. 'The admission of a
limited number of Chinese under proper
restrictions would afford the most satisfactory solution of the difficulty.
'The further agricultural possibilities of
the islands are receiving scientific attention from the experimental stations, and
being practically explored by the small
farmer and planter. It is probable that
by these agencies still other products will
be added to the present output of coffee,
rice, honey, bananas and sisal, and large
areas now untitled brought under cultiva-
In 1851 the centrifugal, a drying machine indispensable the world over in the
making and refining of sugar, was improved in form in an Hawaiian sugar
house. Other improvements followed till
in 1875, the annual export of sugar had
reached 12,000 tons.
'The negotiation in 1876 of a 'Treaty of
Reciprocity with the United States marked the beginning of a new epoch in Hawaiian industry. By this treaty I lawaiian sugar was admitted to the United tion.
'The growth of commercial facilities is
States free of duty. The result was imanwith great rapidity. Situate
proceeding
In
and
1886
the
surprising.
mediate
nual export had reached 108,000 tons, one-third of the way from San Francisco
while in 1902, it amounted to 355<030 to Australia and the Orient, Hawaii's
tons, or one-seventh the entire eonsunip- position is strategic. Some fifteen foreign
'tion of the United States. Though pro- I Steamers leave Honolulu every mouth, an
secuted at great expense, the industry average of one every other day, for New
y1 ielded profits proportionate, and the re- York, San Francisco, Seattle, Vancouver,
sultant prosperity was general and far- H. C, Australia, China and Japan. Its
harbor is frequently filled with sailing
reaching.
Large numbers of laborers were intro- vessels engaged in the sugar, coal, lumduced to meet the growing requirements ber and fertilizer trade. Kahului and
of the plantations. Sailing vessels were Hilo also enjoy considerable foreign com
purchased to carry the product to San nierce.
A submarine cable connecting HonoFrancisco and New York. A licet of
small steamers was built for the inter- lulu with San Francisco will be completed
island traffic. Several short railroads within a few days, and its extension to
Telephone systems Manila within a year. 'The opening of an
were constructed.
ramify everywhere. Wireless telegraphy isthmian canal is at last assured.
The American shores of the Pacific are
between the islands has been attempted.
filling with busy peoples. Japan is alert.
with but partial success however.
Under the same .stimulus Honolulu has China's five hundred millions are awakbecome a city of wealth, with fine office ing to western wants, and a vast trade as
buildings, a million and a half dollar yet in its infancy is developing.
The prospect as guaged by statesmen
hotel, and modern electric transit service,
and masters of commerce alike is brilboulevards and residences.
In this development the native Hawai- liant. Nations are seeking coaling staian has taken but a passive part. The ar- tions. The great American railroads are
rival of the foreigner brought disease and pushing through to the Coast, or, already
change, and thereby hastened a decline there, are building steamers to enter the
struggle for commercial supremacy.
which had already begun.
In the midst of these great forces, HaEven the extensive importation of lawaii,
has
failed
to
fortified as a naval base, a meeting
borers for the plantations
counterbalance the decrease of the native point for the traffic of many nations, will
race, so that today the total population of guard the mid-Pacific, and reap rich harI law aii is less than it was a hundred years vests from its vast commerce.
Our Religious Future
By
Rev. E. G. Beckwith, D.D.
It is as full of cheer as God's promise. Islands for Christ. But what a faith they
"Yes, to the eye of faith. But how in had ! And what a triumph !
"Yes, but ours is quite another pn.bthe light of facts?"
Well, there is a cheer of faith as well
Too hard then is it for God to solve?
as of facts. And faith outruns the facts.
Very few cheering facts our first mis- Or too high for our modern faith ?
"But are we to look for such triumphs
sionaries had when they sailed from Bosto
take
these
ton, eighty-three years ago,
�THE FRIEND
Why not even for greater? "Hath God
forgotten to be gracious? And will he
be favorable no more?"
"Favorable to Christian fidelity, no
doubt. But will there be fidelity?"
There is a better fidelity in the Church
the world over, than ever before in all its
history. Then why not in Hawaii net?
"Because the native churches have been
waning in numbers, and in zeal, it is to be
feared, for a generation."
It is admitted, with sorrow. And, looking that way, the future is shadowy. Hut
it is not admitted that even that shadow
cannot be lifted. ( Mlicr Christian lands
have had days of darkness and have come
out of them. Witness the United Slates
one hundred years ago, with only one in
ten of its population professing Christ,
and with "atheism and infidelity so rampant," says the history, "that but one professing Christian could he found among
all the students of Vale College." Hut
our land came out of its darkness. So
may Hawaii. 'There are hopeful signs.
She is rid already of some of the most
potent causes of the churches' degeneracy. And the demoralized generation will
soon be gone. 'The coming Hawaiian will
be a better man. The schools are lifting
him up. He will speak in the English
tongue, will read in it. and the preachers
will preach in it. So he will he more intelligent. His new citizenship, too, will
help to make him a manlier man. And
out of this higher manliness will come
more responsiveness to the work that is
to be done for his spiritual uplifting. And
that will he belter work than has been
done through these years of the churches'
decadence. There will he better educated Hawaiian pastors. ( )r, failing these,
the churches will come under quite another leadership. I will not believe they
are to he scattered as sheep having no
shepherd. With abounding wealth given
them in trust, the sons and daughters of
the sainted dead whose prayer and toil
redeemed the land, will not suffer these
churches ;>• perish for want of the words
of life. And under the better leadership,
let us believe there will come a better
Christian life that will set the mass of Unpeople once more toward righteousness.
Historical
missionary Album
#Pkick, $5
This is a book published by the 1 lawaiian Mission Children's Society, containing brief sketches of 182 American Protestant Misisonaries to Hawaii, and half
tone engravings of 132 of them.
Orders accompanied by the money will
receive prompt attention.
Address, R. W. Andkkw s.
P.O.
,.
P.ox, 4
Honolulu. Hawaii.
42
�43
THE FRIEND
A. R. GURREY, JR.,
Curative skin soap
VIT G. IRWIN & CO.,
Hotbi. and At.aksa Bts„ Ho»oi.cic.
is a pure soap, cleansing and delightful
to use Makes the skin like velvet. Best Furniture Dc- t»
for infants; will not cause eruptions.
Interior
Just try a cake and be convinced ; 2oc. signed.
box (3 cakes), 50c.
Decorations.
Office cor. Miller and Beretania Sts.
Residence, 1598 Thurston St.
Office Hours:—lo to 12 a. 111., 2 to 3 and
7:30 to 8:30 p. 111. Sundays: 10 to 11 a. m.
Telephones: Office, White 3492. Res., Blue 2841
Beretania and Miller Streets.
Office Hours:—9 to 4.
jPjBIL
Philadelphia Dental College,
1883.
1087 Alakea Street.
GEORGE
J. AUGUR, M. D.,
HOMOEPATHIC PRACTITIONER.
Residence. 435 Beretania St.: Office, 431
Beretania St. Tel. 1851 Blue.
to Bp.
DR.
in.
3 to 4 and 7
Sundays: 9:30 to 10:30 a. tn.
to
12
a.
\
I
I
I
»
and Artistic I
Publications.
OKi
<plB HRfel
DENTIST.
Office Hours:—lo
Agents for the Oceanic Steamship Co.
Frames
Designed and
AJVDERSOJy,
DR.
AND
Art Pottera
H. CLARK
DENTIST.
in..
llSi
I
||<( ->yv/ ~t-
White 3891.
—
m
Especially equipped to take
<-ntire charge of your bus ness
interests in these islands; and
tv colled and remit income
e'etived therefrom.
Ses! ( ass hivestiiient
enrities Bought and Sold.
" -'
'
- jwl Correspondence
tRb
'.0::
FiiktSt.
Solicited
We use only the best platinum
paper and guarantee our work.
Call and see campleH on exhibition
in studio :::::::::
RICE A PERKINS,
(PHOTOGRAPHERS )
cor. Hotel and Union St*.
Entrance on Union.
Oregon Block,
CLINTON J.
HUTCHINS,
LIFE, AX,
T M. WHITNEY, M.D., D. F>. S.
FIRE. MARINE
INSURANCE.
Mclnerny Block.
j IAV
YORK DENTAL PARLORS.
Plate of Teeth. $5; Gold Crowns, $5; Bridge
Work, per Tooth, $5; Gold Fillings, $1; Silver Fillings, 50 cents.
ALL WORK GUARANTEED.
Honolulu, T. H.
Elite Bldg., Hotel St.
niTY
V
FURNITURE STORE
All kinds of
FURNITURE,
WINDOW SHADES,
LACE CURTAINS,
PORTIERES,
TABLE COVERS. ETC.
CHAIRS RENTED FOR BALLS AND
PARTIES.
UNDERTAKING AND EMBALMING.
TOMBSTONES AND MONUMENTS.
Residence and Night Call: Blue
Telephone: Office, Main 64.
DENTAL ROOMS.
-
3561.
Nos. 1146-1148 Fort St., Honolulu.
11. H. WILLIAMS
llonoi.ci.i', T. H.
OUR PHOTOS
DON'T FADE
CI lAS. L. CARVIN,
232 Beretania St.. opp. Havv'n Hotel.
Office Hours:— 9 to 11 a. in.; 1 :30 to 3 and
7:30 to 8 p. m. Tel. Blue 3881. Res. Tel.
"
SUGAR FACTORS
COMMISSION AGENTS.
Picture
Made,
Fort Street, Honolulu
■
Mustek.
E. C. WATERHOUSE,
ALBERT
■
J^
Heproductions
HOBRON DRUC CO.
DR.
■
W.
:
:
:
.
Manager
W. AHANA & CO., LTD.
MERCHANT TAILOR.
Telephone Blue 2431
P. O. Box 986.
Kintr Stree H nolulu
CLOTHES CLEANED AND REPAIRED
IJOPP&
COMPANY,
Importers and Manufacturers of
FURNITURE AND UPHOLSTERY.
CHAIRS TO RENT.
Honolulu, T. H.
No. 74 King Street
- -
pillLir L.
WEAVER, JR.,
ATTORNEY-AT-LAW.
*
«
Merchant St., opposite Post Office.
Ji ■*
Real Estate Titles and Instruments a specialty.
EMMELUTH
&CO., Ltd.
227-229 King Street.
PACIFIC HEIGHTS.
Fort Street.
- - Boston Building.
Importers of
Offers greater attractions and induceStoves, Ranges. House Furnishing Goods,
K. KAAI.
ments as a site for choice residences than
Sanitary Ware, Brass Goods,
leacher of
any other portion of Honolulu.
Iron Work, Rheet Metal Work and Plumbing.
"The Pacific Heights Electric Railway (luitar. Mandolin. Banjo. Zither. Ukulele and
Taropateh.
Line affords easy access to all lots; and
/CALIFORNIA FEED CO., Ltd.,
Studio:—Love Building. Room 5.
water and electric lights are supplied
Hours:—lo to 12 a. m.; 1:30 to 4p. m.
from independent systems at reasonable
DEALERS IN HAY, GRAIN AND FLOUR.
- AIIENTH FOR
rates. To parties intending to purchase
GE< >. H. HUDDY,
terms
favorable
especially
and improve,
nr.xTJST.
COR. CjUEEN AND NUUANU STS..
will be given.
ERNEST
DR.
For further particulars apply
Desky, Progress Block.
to
Chas. S.
Room-:—Mclntyre Block. Fort Street.
HONOLULU.
Telephone No. Main 121
-
-
P. O. Box 452.
�44
THE FRIEND
II7ILLIAM R. CASTLE,
THE
(Incorporated under the Laws of
the I lawaiian Republic.)
Paid-up Capital
$600,000.00
Attorney-at-Law.
Reserve
Merchant Street, Cartwright Mock.
Trust Money carefully invested.
HHACKFELD
.
& CO.,
Ltd.
\mM
i
Queen & Port
BF.
•
EHLERS & CO.,
•*
Tort Street
■
-
__
J*
Honolulu.
SCHAEFER &
application.
Judd Building, Fort Street.
■
■
■
■
FOB 1903.
;»'H issue!.
Is now in aottm of publication hint will niitintHiti Its
Importers and
MERCHANTS.
Honolulu, T. H.
reputation tor varied reliable Information pertaining
to Hawaii, Mailed to any addrpai on reoetpi <>l Hcta.
I'. O. Iloxaos
:
RAILWAY & LAND CO.
I'lihlithir.
tloHDiixc. T II
THOS, <i. THItl'M,
TO US
SPORTING GOODS
SHIP CHANDLERY
BICYCLES and
GENERAL MERCHANDISE
Honolulu, T. H.
LUNCH ROOM.
H. J. Nolte, Proprietor.
General Mercantile Commission Agents.
Queen St., Honolulu, T H.
TEMPERANCE
, L~
MEAT CO., LTD.
G. J. WALLER, Manager.
EWERS & COOKE, Ltd
DCALEKS IN
J^^^^^L.
if JfSp\
Wholesale and Retail
GROCERS, PROVISION MERCHANTS and COFFEE DEALERS.
H. E Mclntyre, Manager.
A. S. Prescott, Treasurer.
\
CO.
YEE HOP & CO.,
"
22,
24 and 92. P. O. Box
CLAUS SPRECKELS
386
& CO.,
BANKERS.
Draw Exchange on the principal ports of the
world
Honolulu
llonoliihi, T. 11.
MAY & CO., Ltd.,
Telephones,
Eort St., Honolulu, T. H
LUMBER. BUILDING
LIENRY
T. May, President.
W T. I ucas, Vice-President.
S. G. Wilder, Secretary.
COPFBB HOUSE.
\
AGENTS FOR-Hawaiian Agricultural Co.,
Onomea Sugar Co., Honomu Sugar Co., Wai- \
lulcu Sugar Co., Makee Sugar Co., Haleakala |
Ranch Co., Kapapala Ranch.
Planters' Line Shipping Co., Charles Brewer
& Co.'s Line of New York Packets.
Agents Boston Board of Underwriters.
Agents Philadelphia Loard of Underwriters.'
LIST OF OFFICERS—CharIes M. Cooke,
President; Geo. H. Robertson, Vice-President
and Manager; E. Faxon Bishop, Treasurer and
Secretary; W. F. Allen. Auditor; P. C. Jones,
H. Waterhouse, G. R. Carter, Directors.
.
Co., Kahului R. R. Co., and Kahuku Planta
tion.
E. O. HALL* SON, Ltd.,
BEAVER
OFFICERS—H. P. Baldwin, Pres't; J. B.
Castle, Ist Vice-Prest; W. M. Alexander, 2d
Vice-Pres't; J. P. Cooke, Treas.; W. O.
Smith, Secy; George R. Carter, Auditor.
Sugar Co., Haiku Sugar Co., Paia Plantation
Co., Kihei Plantation Co., Hawaiian Sugar
HARDWARE
15REWER & CO., Limited,
BALDWIN, Ltd.
AGENTS FOR—Hawaiian Commercial &
the line of
Run through trains to Pearl Harbor, Ewa
Plantation, Waianae, Waialua and Kahuku.
Gives tourists an opportunity of viewing some
of the richest tropical scenery to be found anywhere. The road passes through sugar, rice,
taro, coffee, pineapple and banana plantations,
skirts the shores of the famed Pearl Harbor
and borders the broad Pacific for a distance of
thirty miles. Excursion tickets good from Saturday to Monday.
F. C. SMITH,
General Passenger and Ticket Agent.
LEXANDER &
SUGAR FACTORS AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
for catalogues and
prices on anything in
METROPOLITAN
A. McCandle-s.
Solicits the accounts of firms, corporations,
trusts, individuals, and will promote and carefully attend to all business connected with
banking entrusted to it. Sell and purchase
Foreign Exchange, Issue Letters of Credit.
A
CO.,
)MMISSION
(**
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS;—Chas.
M. Cooke. President; P. C. Jones. Vice-President; C. H. Cooke, Cashier; F. C. Atherton,
AuiftUuit Cashier. Henry Waterhouse, C. H,
Athertiin, F. W. Macfarlane, E. D. Tenney, J.
SAVINGS DEPARTMENT—Ordinary and
Term Deposits received and interest allowed in
accordance with rules and conditions printed
in pass hooks, copies of which may be had on
Dry Goods Importers.
J*
All the latest novelties in Fancy Goods ;
received by every steamer.
FA.
t:<
|SSI
Sts. Honolulu, T. H.
J*
50,000.00
163.000.00
Undivided Profits
Commission Merchants.
Cor.
BANK OF HAWAII, Ltd.,
and transact a general
banking business.
: :
PORTER
Jtt Jt
:
:
Hawaiian Islands
FURNITURE CO.,
Importers of
"•hioping and Family Butchers
FURNITURE, UPHOLSTERY
Knhikir.ui Meat Market and Grocery.
AND BEDDING.
and Navy Contractors.
FRUITS
VEGETABLES.
AND
Purveyors to Oceanic Steamship Co.
Fort St., opposite Love Building.
Beretania St., cor. Alakea. Phone Blue 2511.
and the Pacific Mail Steamship Co.
Also at the
Antique Oak Furniture, Cornice
Wickerware,
Honolulu, T. H.
No. 50-62 King Street
Poles, Window Shades and Wall Brackets.
FISHMARKET
Meat Stalls 19 and 20.
--
--
�45
HBiaflHßHrs, ■?-'
'
—■ ,
lfl
BBnMJal flafl
kai
■
,«*•«
I
111
■■ ■
LaP #
■T
fiatt**AW.
LltiSSelw
'
Bal BBaG
I Mlf
iß.iWfc;
"*
"
'
afl aS
-
uaflH
*
_JLb*^29
\l ■P* BBnaL
'
llB—Milll
Hawaiian
The only first-class Hotel which coinhiiies
a central location with the flora of the tropics
Bks
•
-&•'
■ ">TOK~
'=. S*Sc\
Bafclfcatif
a*.
a*
k
-*M
a
amlT
Cf'
11 J{
*
WMaaltoßß
l~ i^MOIUI
TlTnfiuel BBaMt^Lni
- -
Honolulu, T. h).
Music hv the famous Hawaiian Band
the hand stand in the gardens
at
Personal attention given t<> the proper Entertainment of the guests
The Waikiki Seaside Hotel i« conducted in conjunction with the above. Luxurious sea-bathing,
sin-f-riding and other aquatic amusements are indulged in the year around, so mild il the temperature.
FIRST a box made of the beautiful Island wood—koa. 15x9 in.
SECOND a Hawaiian canoe with paddle, outrigger and paint.
THIRD a good view of Diamond Head burned in colored leather as in the cut above.
FOURTH a bit of Hawaiian mat made of lav hala (leaves of a native tree) l
__
Sent postpaid to any
address for
tt*3 RA
t(M>l work done by boys of the niiflit acliool.
All Profits
MaVaU
for the benefit of boys Hawaiian, Portuguese, Chinese and Japnuese.)
What Better Island holiday Gift!
In draft or money order to
F. C. ATHERTOIN, Treas.
I '° ""*"•
f
" "- "
Hono 1 1 T
�46
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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The Friend (1902)
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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The Friend - 1902.12 - Newspaper