45 10 11779 https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/a912d9218ef64bea06f64847bd47c0c8.pdf aa3e69be1789550a3df9bc2d5e1315a1 PDF Text Text ����������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives Description An account of the resource This collection contains the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's (HEA) church correspondence of Ali`i, parishioners, pastors, and others. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hawaii Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives are housed and cared for by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library at the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives in agreement with the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (HCUCC). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng haw Subject The topic of the resource Missions--Hawaii--History--19th century. Correspondence. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MsH-NF Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HMCSL - HEA Archive - Oleson, Wm. B. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oleson, Wm. B. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1872 to 1891 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material is for reference only. If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text - handwritten / typed Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Description An account of the resource This folder contains 18 letters. 31 pages Author locations indicated: Portland / Oberlin, Ohio / Hilo / Honolulu / Luakaha Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library (HMCSL), located on the campus of the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives Language A language of the resource eng Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://hmha.missionhouses.org/items/show/14185 #hea #imls #namefiles https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/14dc2419ac11129ea12fc9d8289ce1b2.pdf 4f058e3fa20eebaa4e322ca244061be3 PDF Text Text ��������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives Description An account of the resource This collection contains the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's (HEA) church correspondence of Ali`i, parishioners, pastors, and others. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hawaii Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives are housed and cared for by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library at the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives in agreement with the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (HCUCC). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng haw Subject The topic of the resource Missions--Hawaii--History--19th century. Correspondence. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MsH-NF Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HMCSL - HEA Archive - Oili, Sol. K. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oili, Sol. K. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource n.d. / 1887 to 1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material is for reference only. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives Description An account of the resource This collection contains the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's (HEA) church correspondence of Ali`i, parishioners, pastors, and others. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hawaii Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives are housed and cared for by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library at the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives in agreement with the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (HCUCC). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng haw Subject The topic of the resource Missions--Hawaii--History--19th century. Correspondence. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MsH-NF Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HMCSL - HEA Archive - Oleloa, Daniela Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oleloa, Daniela Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1839 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material is for reference only. 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Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library (HMCSL), located on the campus of the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives Language A language of the resource haw #hea #imls #namefiles https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/9fc17eb9715325d4266c104c96cf41bb.pdf 47685c08cdcd4c50ed061e8fdf4425e9 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives Description An account of the resource This collection contains the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's (HEA) church correspondence of Ali`i, parishioners, pastors, and others. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hawaii Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives are housed and cared for by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library at the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives in agreement with the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (HCUCC). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng haw Subject The topic of the resource Missions--Hawaii--History--19th century. Correspondence. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MsH-NF Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HMCSL - HEA Archive - Ola, S.P. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ola, S.P. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1883 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material is for reference only. If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://hmha.missionhouses.org/items/show/14182 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Description An account of the resource This folder contains 19 letters. 27 pages Author locations indicated: Keawakapu, Kula, E. Maui Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library (HMCSL), located on the campus of the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives Language A language of the resource haw / eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text - handwritten #hea #imls #namefiles https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/c7eab03cde2bfe548bbd905ff3317335.pdf 156acc80d20a7a1012ae671e519f4947 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives Description An account of the resource This collection contains the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's (HEA) church correspondence of Ali`i, parishioners, pastors, and others. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hawaii Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives are housed and cared for by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library at the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives in agreement with the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (HCUCC). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng haw Subject The topic of the resource Missions--Hawaii--History--19th century. Correspondence. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MsH-NF Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HMCSL - HEA Archive - Oio Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oio Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1849 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material is for reference only. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives Description An account of the resource This collection contains the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's (HEA) church correspondence of Ali`i, parishioners, pastors, and others. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hawaii Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives are housed and cared for by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library at the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives in agreement with the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (HCUCC). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng haw Subject The topic of the resource Missions--Hawaii--History--19th century. Correspondence. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MsH-NF Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HMCSL - HEA Archive - Nakapalau Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nakapalau Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1831 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material is for reference only. If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://hmha.missionhouses.org/items/show/14180 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Description An account of the resource This folder contains 1 letter. 1 page Author locations indicated: Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library (HMCSL), located on the campus of the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives Language A language of the resource haw Type The nature or genre of the resource text - handwritten #hea #imls #namefiles https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/7c1858b5c7f5756fe61753146613fbbb.pdf e8900fec8facc99c04be17fd9031154b PDF Text Text First Company The First Company, also called the Pioneer Company, included Rev. Hiram Bingham and Mrs. Sybil (Moseley) Bingham; Mr. Daniel Chamberlain, Mrs. Jerusha (Burnap) Chamberlain, and five children; Dr. Thomas Holman and Mrs. Lucia (Ruggles) Holman; Mr. Elisha Loomis and Mrs. Maria Theresa (Sartwell) Loomis; Mr. Samuel Ruggles and Mrs. Nancy (Wells) Ruggles; Rev. Asa Thurston and Mrs. Lucy (Goodale) Thurston; and Mr. Samuel Whitney and Mrs. Mercy (Partridge) Whitney. On the Thaddeus, there were twenty officers and crew, besides the nineteen passengers, and one of the officers was James Hunnewell. Besides the missionaries and crew, George Kaumuali‘i (Tamoree), the son of the king of Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau, was on board as a passenger. The following Hawaiians from the Cornwall, Connecticut, school were also on board: Thomas Hopu (Hopoo), William Kanui (Tenooe) and John Honoli‘i (Honoree). Their ship, the brig Thaddeus, measured 85 feet 5 ½ inches long, 24 feet 7 1/2 inches wide, 13 feet 2 inches deep, and weighed 241 and 23/95 tons. Capt. Andrew Blanchard and First Officer James Hunnewell, sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, October 23, 1819, and sighted Mauna Kea, March 30, 1820. They sailed around the north side of Hawai‘i. At Kawaihae, the company heard of the overthrow of idolatry and received many chiefs as passengers bound for Kailua. When they anchored at Kailua, Hawai‘i, on April 4, 1820, the company completed a voyage of 164 days. The ABCFM paid $2,500 for the passage of the missionaries, besides provisioning them for the long voyage. In the Islands, King Kaumuali‘i paid Capt. Blanchard for bringing his son, George, who made the voyage as a passenger from Boston, with free provisions for the brig, and piculs of sandalwood then valued at $1,000. SOURCES: The size and measurements of the Thaddeus are from the biographical preface of James Hunnewell, Journal of the Voyage of the “Missionary Packet,” Boston to Honolulu, 1826 (1880); The last paragraph is adapted from Portraits of American Protestant Missionaries to Hawaii (1901), which has as its source, the Sandwich Islands Journal entry for June 28, 1820. Second Company The Second Company included Rev. Artemas Bishop and Mrs. Elizabeth (Edwards) Bishop, Dr. Abraham Blatchely and Mrs. Jemima (Marvin) Blatchely, Mr. Levi Chamberlain, Mr. James Ely and Mrs. Louisa (Everest) Ely, Mr. Joseph Goodrich and Mrs. Martha (Barnes) Goodrich, Rev. William Richards and Mrs. Clarissa (Lyman) Richards, Rev. Charles S. Stewart and Mrs. Harriet Bradford (Tiffany) Stewart, and Miss Betsey Stockton. Four men from the Foreign Mission School at Cornwall, Connecticut, sailed with the Second Company. Those men were Stephen Pupuhi (Po-poo-hee or Popohe), a Tahitian, William Kamahoula [Kamooula], Richard Kalaioulu (or Kalaiulu), and Kupeli‘i (Kooperee). 2 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 2 10/30/18 9:14 AM �The ship Thames was built at Saybrook, Connecticut, in 1818. When registered at New Haven, Connecticut, on October 7, 1822, she was described as measuring 101 feet and eight inches in length, twenty-eight feet in breadth, fourteen feet in depth, and her tonnage was 350 and 17/95 tons. She was a square-stern ship and had been selected for use by the ABCFM because she had formerly been “a packet between this country and Europe [and] has much better accommodations for passengers than could have been found in [other] vessels.” The ship Thames, under the command of Capt. Reuben Clasby of Nantucket, Massachusetts, sailed from Tomlinson’s Wharf, New Haven, Connecticut, on November 20, 1822. FIGURE 4 In an obituary of Artemas Bishop, one of the company, it is noted that at their departure, the The departure of the missionaries from New Haven, Connecticut, 1822. Original engraving in the book New England Scenes, James W. Barber, 1833. (HMHA/HMCS) passengers sang for the first time a famous hymn by William B. Tappan: “Wake, Isles of the South! Your redemption is near.” The Thames arrived at Honolulu on April 27, 1823, after a voyage of 158 days. The Sandwich Islands Mission Journal for April 27, 1823, says the “Safe and prosperous passage of 158 days [was] made comparatively happy by the kind civilities & friendly attentions of the captain & his officers.” On May 7, 1823, the missionary journaling that day in the general journal writes, “Today we have the happiness to transmit to Capt. Clasby the king’s remittance of the port charges of the Thames, which would have been 80 dollars—as by our request the ship was moored in the inner harbor near the shore, we being by agreement responsible for the port charges.” The king also forwarded a graceful note to Capt. Clasby, saying, “You have well done that you have brought hither the new missionaries. You shall pay nothing on account of the harbor. Nothing at all.” SOURCES: Specifics on the ship Thames are from Thomas E. French, The Missionary Whaleship (1961); in Sandwich Islands Mission Journal, “Safe and prosperous passage,” April 27, 1823, “Today we have the happiness” May 7, 1823; Artemas Bishop’s obituary, Friend, January 1873; Sandwich Islands Mission Journal, HMHA/HMCS. Third Company The Third Company was composed of Rev. Lorrin Andrews and Mrs. Mary Ann (Wilson) Andrews; Rev. Ephraim W. Clark and Mrs. Mary (Kittredge) Clark; Rev. Jonathan S. Green and Mrs. Theodotia (Arnold) Green; Rev. Peter J. Gulick and Mrs. Frances Hinckley (Thomas) Gulick; 3 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 3 10/30/18 9:14 AM �Dr. Gerrit P. Judd and Mrs. Laura (Fish) Judd; Miss Maria Ogden; Miss Maria Patton (later Mrs. Levi Chamberlain); Mr. Stephen Shepard and Mrs. Margaret Caroline (Stow) Shepard; Miss Delia Stone (later Mrs. Artemas Bishop), and Miss Mary Ward (later Mrs. Edmund H. Rogers). Hawaiians and Tahitians were part of the Third Company, too. They included Henry Tahiti (also known as Taheetee), Kiela‘a (George Tyler), Palu (or Paloo and Samuel J. Mills), a native of O‘ahu, and Kalaaulana (John E. Phelps), a teacher. The Missionary Herald noted that they were attached to the company, and, although not a part of the mission, “had received various degrees of education in this country and had afforded such evidence of piety as to be received into the church.” A document signed at “Boston Harbor, Nov. 3, 1827” by returned Hawaiian missionaries Charles S. Stewart, Elisha Loomis, and the Hawaiians and Tahitians who accompanied the Third Company, says, The subscribers being about to leave America, where we have experienced much kindness & have become, as we hope, acquainted with the blessed Gospel, do hereby express our gratitude for all these favors, and we hold ourselves bound to our Heavenly father to devote ourselves to his fear and service: And, Whereas the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions have paid our passage to the Sandwich Islands the whole expense amounting to at least one hundred dollars each, we do severally engage, that we will hold ourselves bound to labor for the mission as a compensation therefor, in such a way as a majority of the missionaries shall think most useful to the cause of Christianity. The ship Parthian, 103 feet in length, thirty feet wide and nineteen feet deep, weighing 327 tons, commanded by Capt. Richard D. Blinn, sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, on November 3, 1827, and arrived at Honolulu, March 30, 1828, after a voyage of 148 days. For this company, the American Board paid for the passage of sixteen missionaries, $100 each; of four Polynesians $50 each, freightage $700, for a total of $2,500, and furnished all of their provisions and one half the cost of water casks. The Missionary Herald of December 1827 noted some of the cargo and purposes of the voyage. The Parthian took out large supplies for the missionaries of the reinforcement, and their brethren at the islands [including] the materials for two framed houses. . . . Besides the ordinary supplies, a printing press, types, paper etc[.] were put on board the Parthian, with 20,000 copies of the elementary Tract in the Hawaiian language, numbered one in the series printed at the islands, and the same quantity of the tract numbered two, in all 40,000 copies, printed at Utica under the inspection of Mr. Loomis. 4 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 4 10/16/18 8:35 AM �For those missionaries on the Parthian, the voyage was unsatisfactory, because the captain refused to comply with an important part of his contract with the American Board. A long report of the matter appears in the Missionary Herald, January 1829. SOURCES: “The subscribers being,” Charles S. Stewart, Elisha Loomis, Henry Tahiti, Kiela‘a (George Tyler), Palu (or Paloo and Samuel J. Mills), and Kalaaulana (John E. Phelps) to ABCFM, November 3, 1827, HMHA/HMCS; the original of the October 3, 1827, “Memorandum of Agreement” between Josiah Marshall of Boston and Henry Hill of the ABCFM respecting the passage of missionaries on the Parthian is in HMHA/HMCS under “Vessels-Parthian”; “had received various degrees” is in the Missionary Herald 23, December 1827: 386. Fourth Company The Fourth Company consisted of Rev. Dwight Baldwin and Mrs. Charlotte (Fowler) Baldwin; Rev. Sheldon Dibble and Mrs. Maria M. (Tomlinson) Dibble; Mr. Andrew Johnstone and Mrs. Rebecca (Worth) Johnstone; and Rev. Reuben Tinker and Mrs. Mary Throop (Wood) Tinker. The ship New England, (107 feet long, 376 tons), under Capt. Avery Fortunee Parker, was a whaleship built at Medford, Massachusetts, in 1824. The vessel sailed from New Bedford, FIGURE 5 New England, the ship that transported the Fourth Company. (HMHA/HMCS) 5 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 5 10/16/18 8:35 AM �Massachusetts, on December 28, 1830, and arrived at Honolulu, June 7, 1831, after a voyage of 161 days. Upon the arrival of this company, Queen Ka‘ahumanu wrote a letter to Rev. Jeremiah Evarts about the event: I gratefully admire the kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, in aiding us by several new teachers for us. They have arrived. We have seen their eyes and their cheeks. We have met them in the presence of God, and in our presence also, with praise to our common Lord, for preserving them on the ocean until they arrived here at Hawaii. Now we wait, while they study the native language of Hawaii. When that is clearly understood by them, then they will sow in the fields the good seed of eternal salvation. SOURCES: “I gratefully admire,” Ka‘ahumanu to Jeremiah Evarts, in “M. L. P. Thompson Sermons,” by Rev. Reuben Tinker (1856): 30–31. Fifth Company The Fifth Company consisted of Rev. William P. Alexander and Mrs. Mary Ann (McKinney) Alexander; Rev. Richard Armstrong and Mrs. Clarissa (Chapman) Armstrong; Dr. Alonzo Chapin and Mrs. Mary Ann (Tenney) Chapin; Rev. John S. Emerson and Mrs. Ursula Sophia (or Sophie) (Newell) Emerson; Rev. Cochran Forbes and Mrs. Rebecca Duncan (Smith) Forbes; Rev. Harvey R. Hitchcock and Mrs. Rebecca (Howard) Hitchcock; Rev. David B. Lyman and Mrs. Sarah (Joiner) Lyman; Rev. Lorenzo Lyons and Mrs. Betsey (Curtis) Lyons; Mr. Edmund H. Rogers; and Rev. Ephraim Spaulding and Mrs. Julia (Brooks) Spaulding. The whaleship Averick, measuring 100 feet in length, twenty-seven feet wide, thirteen feet deep, weighing 384 tons, under the command of Capt. Edward Swain, sailed from New Bedford, Massachusetts, November 26, 1831, and arrived at Honolulu, May 17, 1832, a voyage of 173 days. Enroute to the Islands, the ship put in for repairs at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for twentyseven days. Dr. Alonzo Chapin records in his journal that at the end of the voyage, the company assembled on May 7 to draft a letter to Capt. Edward Swain, acknowledging his kindliness: “We must bid you a farewell, and we should do violence to our feelings did we not make some expression of gratitude for the multiplied favors you have conferred upon us during a long . . . voyage [and] that you have always treated us with kindness and respect.” Chapin further notes that the letter was signed by each of the passengers. SOURCES: “We must bid,” Alonzo Chapin, Journal, HMHA/HMCS. 6 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 6 10/16/18 8:35 AM �FIGURE 6 The Fifth Company arrived aboard the whaleship Averick. (HMHA/HMCS) Sixth Company The Sixth Company consisted of Rev. John Diell and Mrs. Caroline Adriance (Platt) Diell; Mr. Lemuel Fuller; Rev. Benjamin W. Parker and Mrs. Mary Elizabeth (Barker) Parker; and Rev. Lowell Smith and Mrs. Abigail Willis (Tenney) Smith. The whaleship Mentor, (114 feet and seven inches long; 30 feet and one inch wide; 15 feet 1/2 inch deep; 459-76/95 tons), commanded by Capt. John P. Rice, sailed from New London, Connecticut, on November 21, 1832, and arrived at Honolulu, May 1, 1833, after a voyage of 161 days. The Mentor, built in New York, New York, in 1810, was fitted in New London, Connecticut, in 1829 by A. M. Frink and in 1830 by Benjamin Brown. The captain was accompanied by his wife, Hannah, an unusual occurrence for the time. Rev. Diell, who was designated to be the Seamen’s chaplain for Honolulu, was accompanied by Charles Burnham, a carpenter who had been hired to erect the Seamen’s Bethel Church, the frame of which was in the hold of the ship. Burnham would remain in the Islands for many years, working at Lahainaluna and on the island of Kaua‘i. Another passenger, John Toohane, “a native of the Sandwich Islands,” was returning home. SOURCES: On the captain’s wife, see Lowell Smith, Journal (original at Bishop Museum in the Dillingham Family Papers); Records and Papers of the New London County Historical Society, Volume II, Part I to Part V (1895–1904); “Connecticut Ship Database,” 1789–1939, Mystic Seaport. 7 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 7 10/16/18 8:35 AM �Seventh Company The Seventh Company consisted of Miss Lydia Brown; Rev. Titus Coan and Mrs. Fidelia (Church) Coan; Mr. Henry Dimond and Mrs. Ann Maria (Anner) Dimond; Mr. Edwin O. Hall and Mrs. Sarah Lyon (Williams) Hall; and Miss Elizabeth M. Hitchcock (who later married Edmund H. Rogers). The ship Hellespont (110 feet four inches long; twenty-six feet and four inches wide; 13 feet and two inches deep, and 344 and 79/95 tons in weight) was commanded by Capt. John Henry, and sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, on December 5, 1834, and arrived at Honolulu, on June 6, 1835, after a voyage of 183 days. The ship stopped for twenty days at Valparaiso, Chile, starting March 8, 1835, and twenty-one days at Callao, Peru, beginning April 6, 1835. SOURCES: Titus Coan, Life in Hawaii (1882); Missionary Album (1969); “Connecticut Ship Database, 1789–1939,” Mystic Seaport. Eighth Company The Eighth Company, also known as “The Great Reinforcement,” consisted of Dr. Seth L. Andrews and Mrs. Parnelly (Pierce) Andrews; Mr. Edward Bailey and Mrs. Caroline (Hubbard) Bailey; Rev. Isaac Bliss and Mrs. Emily (Curtis) Bliss; Mr. Samuel N. Castle and Mrs. Angeline Loraine (Tenney) Castle; Rev. Daniel T. Conde and Mrs. Andelucia (Lee) Conde; Mr. Amos S. Cooke and Mrs. Juliette (Montague) Cooke; Rev. Mark Ives and Mrs. Mary Ann (Brainerd) Ives; Mr. Edward Johnson and Mrs. Lois S. (Hoyt) Johnson; Mr. Horton O. Knapp and Mrs. Charlotte (Close) Knapp; Rev. Thomas Lafon, MD, and Mrs. Sophia Louisa (Parker) Lafon; Mr. Edwin Locke and Mrs. Martha Laurens (Rowell) Locke; Mr. Charles McDonald and Mrs. Harriet Treadwell (Halstead) McDonald; Mr. Bethuel Munn and Mrs. Louisa (Clark) Munn; Miss Marcia M. Smith; Miss Lucia G. Smith (who later married Lorenzo Lyons); Mr. William S. Van Duzee and Mrs. Oral (Hobart) Van Duzee; Mr. Abner Wilcox and Mrs. Lucy Eliza (Hart) Wilcox. In their instructions to the Eighth Company on December 3, 1836, the ABCFM noted that the reason for sending such a large company to Hawai‘i was the large population in relation to the small number of missionaries to serve the people: “The numbers of these districts is 38, each containing a population on an average of 3500 souls; and it was ascertained that not more than half of these districts could be supplied with Christian instruction by the direct labors of the Missionaries now on the ground.” This may have been a disingenuous reason. See the section on William Richards, Dr. Lafon, Reuben Tinker, and Jonathan Green. A letter to “our friends in America,” or the ABCFM, on August 23, 1836, signed by Kauikeaouli, Ka‘ahumanu 2, Kekauluohi, and twelve other leading ali‘i of the day may have contributed to sending such a large company to Hawai‘i, but it is much more likely that the 8 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 8 10/16/18 8:35 AM �FIGURE 7 Letter, Kauikeaouli and several other ali‘i write to the ABCFM in Boston, requesting several more missionaries, representing various industrial and organizational skills, and also with knowledge of capitalism and organization of Western-style government, August 23, 1836, trans. Awaiaulu. (HMHA/HMCS) 9 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 9 10/16/18 8:35 AM �FIGURE 8 Mary Frazier, the ship that transported the Eighth Company. (HMHA/HMCS) late August letter had not reached the ABCFM by the departure of the Eighth Company in December. In any case, the urgency for assistance must have been communicated earlier, too, and on August 23, the ali‘i requested that a large company be sent: “Here is our hope for the improvement of the lands here in Hawaii. Give us more instructors like those you have in your land, America.” They continued, asking for variously skilled laborers, such as a “carpenter,” “tailor,” “wheelwright,” and others, and “A teacher for the chiefs in matters of land, comparable to what is done in enlightened lands.” The barque Mary Frazier, (108 feet long, twenty-three feet wide, 228 tons), commanded by Capt. Charles Sumner, sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, on December 14, 1836, and arrived at Honolulu, on April 9, 1837, after a voyage of 116 days, the fastest voyage for any of the missionary companies. It was the largest company ever sent to the Islands by the ABCFM and was consequently known as “The Great Reinforcement.” Two Hawaiian seamen, Joseph and Levi, were permitted by the captain to help the missionaries in their daily language lessons. In her account of the voyage, Juliette M. Cooke remarks, “Our voyage was one of almost uninterrupted happiness and prosperity. Our accommodations were excellent, the treatment of the Captain was kind, the officers were obliging and all the crew highly respectful when in our presence.” SOURCES: Juliette M. Cooke, “The Mary Frazier and other Reminiscences,” Jubilee Celebration of the Arrival of the Missionary Reinforcement of 1837 (1887): 140–142; Polynesian, February 14, 1852; “Here is our hope,” Kauikeaouli, and other chiefs to the ABCFM, August 23, 1836, trans. Awaiaulu, HMHDA, https://hmha.missionhouses.org/ items/show/3051, HMHA/HMCS. 10 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 10 10/16/18 8:35 AM �Ninth Company The Ninth Company was composed of Rev. Elias Bond and Mrs. Ellen Mariner (Howell) Bond; Rev. Daniel Dole and Mrs. Emily Hoyt (Ballard) Dole; Rev. John D. Paris and Mrs. Mary (Grant) Paris; Mr. William H. Rice and Mrs. Mary Sophia (Hyde) Rice. The ship Gloucester (107 feet long, twenty-six feet wide, thirteen feet deep, and 388 tons in weight), under Capt. S. Easterbrook, sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, on November 14, 1840, and arrived at Honolulu, on May 21, 1841, after a voyage of 188 days. Later that year, on November 3, 1841, the Gloucester was damaged by fire in Honolulu harbor. In his account of the voyage, Rev. Elias Bond describes the ship and the difficult passage: [T]he Gloucester, [was] one of the old kind with square ends, built by the mile and cut off as they were wanted, the same at both ends. . . . Our ship was a very slow sailor and the passage was very tedious, stretching out to 185 days. The steerage was fitted up to accommodate the passengers, eight missionaries and about five others. The cabin was a little place, only big enough for the Captain. No one wanted to go there. Soon after leaving Boston we encountered a terrible gale in the Gulf Stream, lost 18 out of our 20 pigs, and the third day out, nearly all the vegetables were washed overboard, together with all the chickens, salt pork and beef. And although we were driven into Rio de Janeiro for repairs, the captain professed to be unable to replace our livestock and other fresh provision on the score of economy!! He would not let the steward touch the cask of cheeses and they all spoiled, as also a keg of souse [head cheese]. Twice only we had a taste of fresh fish. We were fed on ‘Salt Junk’ all the way, and thus it came out that the very sight of salt beef was like a dose of Ipecac to us. We went to the table only as the cravings of hunger forced us to after fasting till Nature would endure the strain no longer. Two couples of the company, the Parises and the Rices, had originally been designated as missionaries for the Oregon Territory, but on the arrival of the Gloucester at Honolulu, “on account of some difficulties in the way of prosecuting missionary labors in Oregon,” and because of the need for additional missionaries in Hawai‘i, “it was deemed advisable that Messrs. Paris and Rice should remain at the Islands till they should receive instructions from the Committee.” SOURCES: “[T]he Gloucester, [was],” Elias Bond, in Ethel M. Damon, Father Bond of Kohala (1927): 43–44; “on account of some difficulties,” in Missionary Herald 38, February 1842: 76. 11 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 11 10/16/18 8:35 AM �Tenth Company The Tenth Company included Rev. George B. Rowell and Mrs. Malvina Jerusha (Chapin) Rowell; and Dr. James W. Smith and Mrs. Melicent (Knapp) Smith. The brig Sarah Abigail, (ninety-six feet long, twenty-two feet wide, eleven feet deep, and weighing 210 tons), with Capt. Isaac S. Doane in command, sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, May 2, 1842, made a stop at Valparaiso, Chile, and arrived at Honolulu, September 21, 1842, after a voyage of 143 days. Upon arrival, Rowell and Smith were formally introduced to Kamehameha III by a letter from Rufus Anderson, Secretary of the ABCFM, dated Boston, April 29, 1842: We beg leave to introduce to your Majesty’s notice and attention, Rev. George B. Rowell and James W. Smith, MD., & their wives, whom we have sent to supply the places of those missionaries who . . . have returned to this country. We believe they will be found to take a deep interest in the present and eternal welfare of the subjects of Your Majesty & worthy of that protection & kindness which you have so uniformly extended to the members of the mission of our Board of Foreign Missions. SOURCES: “We beg leave,” Rufus Anderson to Kamehameha III, Hawaii State Archives, FO & Ex., filed on April 29, 1842; there is a contemporary translation into Hawaiian with the letter. Eleventh Company The Eleventh Company was composed of Rev. Claudius B. Andrews; Rev. Timothy Dwight Hunt and Mrs. Mary Halsted (Hedges) Hunt; Rev. John F. Pogue; Miss Maria K. Whitney (who later married John F. Pogue); and Rev. Eliphalet Whittlesey and Mrs. Elizabeth Keen (Baldwin) Whittlesey. The brig Globe, (92 feet long, twenty-four feet wide, twelve feet deep, and weighing 239 tons) under the command of Capt. Isaac S. Doane, sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, on December 4, 1843, and arrived at Honolulu via Tahiti, on July 15, 1844. Four days out of Boston, the Globe was badly damaged in a gale and was forced to lay over for three weeks at Fayal, Western Islands, also known as the Azores, for repairs, thus extending the voyage to 244 days, the longest made by any missionary company. The Missionary Herald, in its report on the company, says: Among the articles carried out by the Globe are the former pulpit and communion table of the Centre Church, New Haven, Connecticut. The congregation to which they have hitherto belonged has presented them to the First Church at Honolulu, and they are to be placed, if they shall reach the Islands, in the substantial and costly 12 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 12 10/16/18 8:35 AM �edifice which has been recently erected in that place, and the expense of which has principally been defrayed by the King. The owners of the Globe have generously granted a free passage to this novel and venerable tribute of Christian sympathy and affection. SOURCES: “Among the articles carried,” Missionary Herald 40, January 1844: 32. Twelfth Company The Twelfth Company was the last formal company sent to Hawai‘i by the ABCFM, and it was a small contingent, consisting of Rev. Samuel G. Dwight; and Rev. Henry Kinney and Mrs. Maria Louisa (Walsworth) Kinney. The barque Samoset, (150 feet long, thirty-two feet wide, twenty-one feet deep, and weighing 734 tons) commanded by Capt. Louis G. Hollis, sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, on October 23, 1847, and arrived at Honolulu, on February 26, 1848, after a voyage of 126 days. FIGURE 9 Samoset brought the last company to Hawai‘i, the Twelfth Company, in 1848. (Peabody Essex Museum) 13 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 13 10/16/18 8:35 AM �The Polynesian of March 11, 1848, reported that on March 7, the Samoset passengers were “presented to the King at a special audience. . . . The King’s Ministers, Alexander Liholiho, Rev. Mr. Armstrong, and most of the high chiefs were present. Also Mrs. Young, Mrs. Judd, Miss Judd and Miss H. Judd.” After introductions, Rev. Dwight made some remarks and the king responded. SOURCES: “presented to the King,” Polynesian, March 11, 1848. Individual Arrivals In addition to the groups or “companies” of missionaries, who arrived between 1820 and 1848, thirty individuals arrived on sixteen separate dates. The individual arrivals are listed here FIGURE 10 Rev. Luther Halsey and Mrs. Louisa Gulick and Mr. and Mrs. B. G. Snow sailed aboard the Esther May. The Snows were bound for Micronesia. (Peabody Essex Museum) chronologically. More details regarding their voyages may be found in the biographical entries for each person. The individual arrivals of missionaries and their colleagues included Nalimahana (1821); Rev. William Ellis and Mrs. Mary Mercy (Moor) Ellis (1823); John Cleveland Airepoa (1824); Rev. Asa Bowen Smith and Mrs. Sarah Gilbert (White) Smith (1842); Rev. Samuel Chenery Damon and Mrs. Julia Sherman (Mills) Damon (1842); Rev. Townsend E. Taylor and Mrs. Persis Goodale (Thurston) Taylor (1848); Dr. Charles Hinckley Wetmore and Mrs. Lucy Sheldon (Taylor) Wetmore (1849); Rev. Luther Halsey Gulick and Mrs. Louisa Mitchell (Lewis) Gulick (1852); Rev. Sereno E. Bishop and Mrs. Cornelia Ann (Sessions) Bishop (1853); Rev. William C. Shipman and Mrs. Jane (Stobie) Shipman (1854); Rev. William Otis Baldwin and Mrs. Mary (Proctor) Baldwin (1855); William A. Spooner and Mrs. Eliza Ann (Boynton) Spooner (1855); Rev. Hiram Bingham, Jr., and Mrs. Minerva Clarissa (Brewster) Bingham (1857); Rev. Anderson O. Forbes (1858); Rev. Cyrus Taggart Mills and Susan Lincoln (Tolman) Mills (1860); Rev. Charles M. Hyde and Mrs. Mary Thizia (Knight) Hyde (1877); Rev. Oliver P. Emerson (1889); Rev. Orramel H. Gulick and Mrs. Ann Eliza (Clark) Gulick (1894); and Rev. John Leadingham and Mrs. Anna Mayo (Rich) Leadingham (1894). 14 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 14 10/23/18 4:50 PM � https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/799b6d8d5472887d60ce0ccbc3bee248.pdf 7cc9c57c27e2fb5d8c6730ffc27ff74e PDF Text Text Mission Stations Immediately following their landfall, missionaries sought a decision by the king and chiefs to allow the establishment of mission stations. According to the Sandwich Islands Mission Journal, “We urged the importance of taking one station at Owhyhee [Hawai‘i] and another at Woahoo [O‘ahu], believing that we might thus commence and prosecute our work with greater facility than by stopping all at Kirooah [Kailua, Kona] or proceeding to Woahoo [O‘ahu].” In 1820 three mission stations were established, one at Kailua on the Kona coast of the island of Hawai‘i, another at Honolulu on O‘ahu, and a third at Waimea on Kaua‘i. Three years later, a mission station was located at Lahaina on Maui, then the capital of the Kingdom of Hawai‘i. The missionaries, thus, had a presence on each of the four major islands. In 1824 the efforts on Kaua‘i were expanded with the addition of a station at Hanapepe. Similarly, the island of Hawai‘i saw the start of a mission station at Hilo. The formation of Lahainaluna Seminary in 1831 expanded the efforts on Maui, the first of fourteen mission stations built across the island chain in the second decade of missionary presence in Hawai‘i. The new locations consisted of South Kohala on the island of Hawai‘i, Waialua on O‘ahu, Kalua‘aha on Moloka‘i, and Wailuku on Maui in 1832. In 1834 seven new stations were built, one at Hāmākua on the island of Hawai‘i and two each on Maui at Ha‘ikū and Kā‘anapali, on Kaua‘i at Kōloa and Wai‘oli, and on O‘ahu at ‘Ewa and Kāne‘ohe. The establishment of a second Hawaiian congregation at Kaumakapili in 1838 gave O‘ahu an additional mission station. The opening of Punahou School on O‘ahu in 1841 was the first of the final six mission stations. Wai‘ōhinu in Ka‘ū on the Big Island started in the same year. By 1843 upcountry Maui was served by a mission station at Makawao. Punalu‘u Mission Station in Ka‘ū on the island of Hawai‘i split the district with Wai‘ōhinu Mission Station. The mission stations at Honua‘ula and Kīpahulu in 1846 were the last stations established by the missionaries. The following section provides a brief description of each mission station, organized alphabetically and by island. 15 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 15 10/16/18 8:35 AM �The Island of Hawai‘i Hāmākua—Established 1834. In Lorenzo Lyons’s Waimea Station Report, dated June 1, 1835, he remarks that on December 6, 1834, “We left Waimea & took up our residence in Hamakua in a native house belonging to the head man of the land. Here we resided till the last of April when we removed to the native buildings . . . put up for our accommodations. They are situated near a fine stream of water about 3/4 mile from the present meeting house—1/2 mile from the shore—2/3 of a mile from the eastern pali of Waipio, 12 miles from Waimea & 24 miles via vessel from Kawaihae by way of which we receive our supplies.” This new “station” was then intended to be Lyons’s base of operations, while Rev. Dwight Baldwin was to remain at Waimea, but when the latter departed that station for health reasons in 1835, Lyons moved back to Waimea, where he remained permanently, and from this date, the Hamakua Station became simply an out-station of Waimea. SOURCES: Waimea Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS. Hilo—Established 1824 The boundaries of the Hilo Station extended along the coast of Hawai‘i Island from Laupāhoehoe to Ka‘ū, and encompassed a population then estimated at about 40,000 persons. Titus Coan described the bay and surrounding land near the Hilo Station: The bay of Hilo is a beautiful, spacious and safe harbor. The outline of its beach is a crescent like the moon in her first quarter. . . . On its eastern and western sides, and in its center, it is divided by three streams of pure water, it has a deep channel about half a mile wide, near the western shore, sufficiently deep to admit the largest ship that floats. Seaward it is protected by a lava reef one mile from the shore. . . . This reef is a grand barrier against the swell of the ocean. Lord Byron, who visited Hilo, when he brought home the corpses of King Liholiho and his queen, gave the name of “Byron’s Bay” to this harbor, but that name is nearly obsolete. . . . Inland, from the shore to the bases of the mountains, the whole landscape is “arrayed in living green,” presenting a picture of inimitable beauty. . . . Behind all this in the background, tower the lofty snow-mantled mountains [Mauna] Kea and [Mauna] Loa. In an 1825 letter to the ABCFM, Joseph Goodrich also described the Hilo Station with appreciation, saying that when Ka‘ahumanu came to Hilo with Lord Byron, she gave him [Goodrich] for the mission “as good a piece of land as any there is about here.” 16 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 16 10/30/18 9:14 AM �FIGURE 11 Hilo, Hawaii, 1840. Drawn by Edward Bailey. Engraved by Kepohoni, Lahainaluna. (HMHA/HMCS) The missionaries stationed at Hilo were Joseph Goodrich (1824–1835); Samuel Ruggles (1824–1825 and 1826–1828); Sheldon Dibble (1831–1834); Jonathan S. Green (1832–1833); David B. Lyman (1832–1884); Titus Coan (1835–1882); Abner Wilcox (1837–1844); and Charles H. Wetmore (1849–1898). SOURCES: “The bay of Hilo” in Titus Coan, Life in Hawaii (1882): 24–25; “as good a piece of land,” Joseph Goodrich to ABCFM, November 11, 1825, ABCFM Collection, HLH. Ka‘awaloa-Nāpo‘opo‘o-Kealakekua—Established 1824 After William Ellis suggested that the Mission locate a station at Ka‘awaloa following his tour around the island in 1823, Kapi‘olani built a thatched church where missionary James Ely was stationed early the next year. In 1827 Rev. Ely described the station at Ka‘awaloa in a letter to the ABCFM: The village of Kaawaloa is situated on a bed of lava, which is from a half a mile to one mile and a half in width. The plain is bounded on the S.E. by the bay of Kealakekua, 17 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 17 10/30/18 9:14 AM �on the S. & W. by the sea, and on the N.E. by a precipice several hundred feet high. From the appearance of the place it is judged that the lava in flowing from the mountain ran over the precipice, the base of which was formerly washed by the sea, and formed the plain on which the village is now built. From the top of the precipice, there is a regular ascent toward the mountain and vegetation thrives as low down as within half a mile of the ridge. The prospect near the shore is most dreary, but two miles distant, back upon the hill it is most inviting. The bread fruit grows in abundance and the hill is diversified with plantations of taro, sugar-cane, potatoes, wauke and corn, all growing luxuriantly, [and], in the rear, is skirted by dense thickets of the ohia, rearing their heads like lofty spires to the heavens. FIGURE 12 View of the Bay of Kaawaloa, 1840 [Kealakekua]. Drawn by Persis Thurston. Engraved by Kepohoni, Lahainaluna. (HMHA/HMCS) When Rev. Ely and his family left in 1828, Samuel Ruggles was assigned to the location. After a few years, Rev. Ruggles struggled with ill health, and he was replaced by Rev. Cochran Forbes in 1833. To avoid the same fate as Ely and Ruggles, Forbes built a home at a more agreeable upland location known as Kuapehu, where Chiefess Kapi‘olani had moved. Rev. Forbes also moved the mission to the south side of Kealakekua Bay, near an area called Nāpo‘opo‘o. 18 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 18 10/16/18 8:35 AM �In 1841 Forbes finished a large stone church here that measured 120 feet long by fifty-seven feet wide. Since it was near Kealakekua Bay and in the Kealakekua ahupua‘a, it was referred to as the Kealakekua Church. This church had fallen into disrepair by the time Rev. John D. Paris arrived in 1852. He built a smaller and more solidly built church near the ruins of the Kealakekua Church. It was named Kahikolu (Trinity) Church. The Paris family also built a substantial home near where the old Forbes and Kapi‘olani homes had been located, above Kealakekua Bay in Kuapehu. Both the Paris home and Kahikolu Church still stand today. Ka‘awaloa was considered a “small” district, estimated to be about one mile in width by five or six in length. Before 1840, when the whole station was divided, it comprised all the land from the boundary of Kailua, Kona, to Puna. In 1834 Kealia was proposed for a mission station, but the idea never reached fruition. The missionaries stationed at Ka‘awaloa and Nāpo‘opo‘o (also known as Kealakekua) were James Ely (1824–1828); Samuel Ruggles (1828–1832); Cochran Forbes (1832–1845); William S. Van Duzee (1837–1838); Mark Ives (1839–1848); John F. Pogue (1848–1850); and John D. Paris (1852–1892). SOURCES: “The village of Kaawaloa,” James Ely to the ABCFM, Ka‘awaloa, Nov. 3, 1827, Missionary Herald 24, October 1828: 310; various Kealakekua Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS. Kailua, Kona—Established 1820 Kailua, Kona, was where missionary work in Hawai‘i began. Before the death of Kamehameha I in 1819, it was the seat of power, and for that reason, it was the place where in April 1820, the first missionaries landed to begin their work. They had already learned after anchoring off the Kohala coast that the great chief had died, his son was now the ruler, that the old idolatrous religion had been overturned, and the wooden idols burned. By 1820 it already was becoming apparent that the seat of power was gradually being transferred to Honolulu, where there were better harbor facilities for the increasing numbers of foreign ships that now stopped at the Islands, and where the ali‘i were needed to more effectively monitor and regulate trade and foreign activities. But for about a decade more, Kailua would continue as a place of considerable importance and population. Sereno Bishop, who was born at nearby Ka‘awaloa in 1827, had distinct memories of this location: In the early thirties, Kailua was a large native village of about 4000 inhabitants rather closely packed along one hundred rods of shore, and averaging twenty rods inland. It has been the chief residence of King Kamehameha, who in 1819 died there in a rudely built stone house whose walls are probably still standing in the west shore of 19 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 19 10/16/18 8:35 AM �FIGURE 13 the little bay. Near by [sic] stood better stone houses occupied by the doughty View of Kailua, Hawaii, 1839–1840. Drawn by Persis Thurston. Engraved by Kepohoni. (HMHA/HMCS) Governor Kuakini. All other buildings in Kailua were thatched until Rev. Artemas Bishop built his two story stone dwelling [in the center of the settlement] in 1831 and Rev. Asa Thurston in 1833 built his wooden two story house at Laniakea, a quarter of a mile inland. Many of the native cottages were commodious and neat . . . but the great majority were small and betokened great poverty, both outside and within. There was an immense church on the same ground where now stands the old stone church [known as Moku‘aikaua] This was erected by Governor Kuakini about 1828. . . . There were no gardens, for lack of water. Heat and general aridity characterized the place. But it pleased the natives, on account of the broad calm ocean, the excellent fishing, and the splendid rollers of surf on which they played and slid all day. The Thurstons established a mission station in Kailua in 1820, shortly after they arrived. This was the first Christian church in Hawaii. The first churches built here were of ‘ōhi‘a and 20 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 20 10/30/18 9:14 AM �thatch, but after several churches burned down, the people built a new stone church. The governor of Hawai‘i Island, Governor Kuakini, was an enthusiastic supporter of Christianity, and he worked with the Thurstons and local Native Hawaiians to build a large, new, mortared stone church. Some of the stone used to build the church was recycled from an abandoned heiau, a temple of the former religion. This new church was named Moku‘aikaua Church. Finished in 1837, it is the oldest Christian church now standing in Hawai‘i. The missionaries stationed at Kailua, Kona, were Asa Thurston (1820–1864); Thomas Holman (1820); Artemas Bishop (1824–1836); James Ely (1823–1824); Delia Stone (Mrs. Artemas Bishop) (1828–1836); and Seth L. Andrews (1837–1848). SOURCES: “In the early thirties,” Sereno E. Bishop, Reminiscences of Old Hawaii, (1916): 12; various Kailua Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS. 21 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 21 10/16/18 8:36 AM �North Kohala—Established 1837 North Kohala was originally a part of the vast Waimea-Kohala Station. In 1833 Lyons wrote that while the church at Waimea might have a congregation of from 100 to 1,000, that at Kohala (twenty miles over the mountains) was by far the larger and that there were sometimes “4000 out of 8000 souls assembled on a pleasant Sabbath morning.” It was for this reason, and because of the great separation of the two centers of population, that two stations were established in this district. Even after this occurred, the North Kohala Station was a vast area, its coastal perimeters extending from Kawaihae to Pololū Valley. During a time when Edward Bailey and Isaac Bliss shared the mission responsibilities of North Kohala, the people of the area built the first church in 1837 in an area known as Nunulu. The church was made of thatch, and it was destroyed by a windstorm in 1844. It was replaced by another thatched structure, which, in 1849, was also demolished by high winds. Elias Bond had become the missionary in charge of the station in 1841, and after the loss of the second thatched structure during his early tenure there, he determined that a more durable and permanent structure was needed, and he supervised construction of the stone and mortar Kalāhikiola Church, which was completed with great care in 1855. According to Rev. Bond, the builders carried sand for the mortar from the beach at Kawaihae, a distance of more than twenty-three miles. Heavily damaged by the 2006 earthquake, the church was restored and survives today to serve its multiethnic congregation. The missionaries stationed at North Kohala were Dwight Baldwin (temporarily in 1836); Edward Bailey (1837–1839); Isaac Bliss (1837–1841); and Elias Bond (1841–1896). SOURCES: Kohala Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS; National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, Bond District, Kapa‘au, Hawai‘i, 1978, Item 8: 1–2. Punalu‘u—Established 1844 Punalu‘u, within the Ka‘ū District on Hawai‘i Island, was proposed as a mission station in 1844 by newly arrived missionary T. D. Hunt. In a letter to the American Board dated September 4, 1845, he says that the Mission had left it to himself and John D. Paris to divide up the vast Ka‘ū station between themselves, and that the eastern portion of that district . . . fell to my lot. After much consultation . . . we agreed upon Punaluu as our place of residence, the village on the shore & by the borders of a small fresh lake about 12 miles from Waiohinu, the station already occupied. . . . [I]n December a church of 300 members was set off from the church at Waiohinu 22 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 22 10/16/18 8:36 AM �making me the pastor of a parish extending i.e. the inhabited part 6 miles on the shore & thence diagonally inland 12 miles, with a population of from 1200 to 2000. Mr. Hunt was only briefly at Punalu‘u before being transferred to Honolulu, and Punalu‘u was not thereafter continued as a separate station. SOURCES: “the eastern portion,” T. D. Hunt to the ABCFM, September 4, 1845, ABCFM Collection, HLH. South Kohala or Waimea—Established 1832 Waimea, Hawai‘i, due to its elevation and temperate climate, was first proposed as a possible site for a “health station.” In December 1829, an investigatory team composed of Lorrin Andrews, Jonathan S. Green, Levi Chamberlain, and Gerrit P. Judd, examined the area and wrote a detailed report on the district, its population, and its geographical features. They noted that congregations of 1,000–1,500 “might be collected every Sabbath if there were regular preaching” and that the FIGURE 14 View of Waimea, Hawaii, c. 1838–1839. Drawn by Edward Bailey. Engraved by Momona, Lahainaluna. (HMHA/HMCS) 23 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 23 10/23/18 4:50 PM �FIGURE 15 Paris home at Wai‘ōhinu, Ka‘ū. (HMHA/HMCS) 24 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 24 10/16/18 8:36 AM �district might function “as a place of residence highly favorable to the recovery of health.” At a meeting of the Mission at Lahaina, February 9, 1830, Waimea was then designated as a logical site for a future missionary settlement. In January 1832, when the station was established, the population had greatly increased by the presence of the Governor of Hawai‘i, Kuakini, and most of the people of Hāmākua and Waipi‘o, who were “attending to the work of the Governor,” and his preoccupation was the establishment of the cattle industry. While the chief and his assemblage of workers were in the area, Dwight Baldwin commented that “the church . . . is said to contain about 3000,” and even after Kuakini had departed, the Waimea congregation “varied from about 1,000 to 1,500.” Baldwin remained at Waimea only until 1835, and from that time onwards, Waimea was under the supervision of Rev. Lorenzo Lyons. The missionaries stationed at South Kohala-Waimea were Dwight Baldwin (1832–1835); Lorenzo Lyons (1832–1886); and Horton O. Knapp (1837–1838). SOURCES: “might be collected” and “as a place of,” Missionary Herald 26, October 1830: 315–316; “attending to the work” and “varied from,” Dwight Baldwin, Waimea Station Report, June 1832, typed copy, np, Mission Houses Digital Collection, HMHA/HMCS. Wai‘ōhinu—Established 1841 Wai‘ōhinu, (shiny water in Hawaiian) a large land area within the Ka‘ū District of Hawai‘i, is located roughly midway between Kealakekua and the volcano of Kilauea. It is the only land in Ka‘ū that has a stream of water, and for that reason, taro was cultivated, and there was a sizeable Hawaiian population. Wai‘ōhinu was then considered the most remote district of access in the Islands and was the last large geographical area in the Islands where a mission station was established. Prior to its separation, the area had been a part of the Kealakekua Mission Station, and within the boundaries of Ka‘ū, there were sub-stations maintained at Kahuku, Punalu‘u, and Keaīwa. When this station was established early in 1842, the place was described as poor and rocky, having a population estimated at 5,000 and that “from the appearance of the country, the number of lands once under cultivation, the ruins of villages, and the number of ancient heathen temples, that the population must once have been more than five times its present number.” (See specific missionary entries for more information on the station.) The missionaries stationed at Wai‘ōhinu and Punalu‘u were John D. Paris (1841–1849); Timothy D. Hunt (1844–1845); Henry Kinney (1848–1854); William C. Shipman (1855–1861); Orramel H. Gulick (1862–1865); and John F. Pogue (1866–1868). SOURCES: Waiohinu Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS. “from the appearance,” Missionary Herald 39, April 1843: 173. 25 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 25 10/23/18 4:50 PM �The Island of Kaua‘i Hanapepe—Established 1824 Hanapepe is a valley about six or seven miles from Waimea, Kaua‘i. In 1824 Hiram Bingham described it as a pleasant fertile, well watered valley, about 175 rods in width, along a mile or two from the sea-shore, diminishing . . . as it recedes towards the mountains, till it becomes a very deep and narrow ravine. . . . For the first half mile from the sea, the valley seems sterile, and is little cultivated, but has a pleasant grove of coconut trees. The rest of the valley is more fertile and more cultivated, is sprinkled with trees and shrubs, embracing a few orange trees, and walled up on the east and west by bold, precipitous bluffs. . . . Near one of these palis, about a mile from the ocean, Mr. Ruggles chose his station and FIGURE 16 Hanapepe Mission Station. Drawn by Hiram Bingham. (HMHA/HMCS) built a temporary cottage, had a house of worship erected and opened a school, with the expectation of having a preacher from America stationed there permanently. . . . Here, for a time, under Kupihea and Kiaimoku, the two chieftains of Hanapepe, Mr. Ruggles with his wife and two children resided as the shepherd of the valley, esteemed by many of its seven hundred inhabitants. 26 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 26 10/16/18 8:36 AM �The station was of brief duration. By the time Bingham made a second visit later in 1824, it had been abandoned and was not thereafter continued. Samuel Ruggles and Nancy (Wells) Ruggles were stationed at Hanapēpē at that time. SOURCES: “a pleasant fertile,” Hiram Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands (1847): 219. Kōloa—Established 1834 In response to an 1833 inquiry from Boston, the Mission described Kōloa as follows: “Koloa [is] the southern part of the Island and 14 miles East of Waimea. It extends from Wahiawa on the W[est] to Kalapaki on the E[ast], including a fertile country of 15 miles in extent and a population of 2,166. Koloa is the centre [sic] and the two extremes could be easily visited on horseback. Vessels frequently anchor here, and communication with Waimea by water is easy.” Kōloa is also the site where Ladd & Co. established the first sugar plantation in the Islands in 1835. The remains of their sugar mill are still a local landmark. Wailua and Līhu‘e were originally out-stations of the Kōloa Station. The missionaries stationed at Kōloa were Peter J. Gulick (1835–1843); Thomas Lafon (1837–1841); Reuben Tinker (1838–1840); Marcia Smith (1839–1841); James W. Smith (1842–1887); John F. Pogue (1844–1848); and Daniel Dole (1855–1878). SOURCES: “Koloa [is] the southern,” Sandwich Islands Mission, “Answers to Questions of the Circular,” folder 1, 1834–5, ABCFM Collection, HLH, HMHA/HMCS. Waimea—Established 1820 Waimea, the first (and only) station on Kaua‘i until 1834, was described that year as located “on the south-west part of the island, includes a country 26 miles in extent mostly dry and barren and the western extreme [is] an almost inaccessible precipice. It extends from Huololo on the west to Wahiawa on the east including a population of 4,297. Of this number 3,883 are within six miles of the station.” The Sandwich Islands Mission Journal for August 23, 1820, records the safe arrival of the Whitneys and Ruggleses on Kaua‘i. They had departed from Honolulu on July 24, with Nathan Chamberlain, and arrived after a passage of about twenty hours: They were met at the place of anchorage by the King and Queen, George and his brother, who received them with the affectionate welcome of parents and brethren. . . . 27 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 27 10/16/18 8:36 AM �FIGURE 17 The house they have built for the brethren is large and strong, 40 ft. by 24, probably Village of Waimea, Kaua‘i. Illustration from Hiram Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands. (HMHA/HMCS) the best on that island. They have commenced building a meeting house . . . 70 ft. by 40 ft. [that] stands near the King’s dwelling, on the ground lately occupied by a celebrated morai [or heiau], encircled by a wall 10 feet high . . . to the brethren thus the prospect is flattering. The missionaries at Waimea were Samuel Whitney (1820–1845); Samuel Ruggles (1820– 1824); Artemas Bishop (1823–1824); Peter J. Gulick (1828–1835); Maria Ogden (1828–1829); Maria K. Whitney (later Mrs. John Pogue) (1844–1848); and George B. Rowell (1846–1865). SOURCES: “on the south-west,” “Kauai Answers to Questions 1, 3 & 4, in Circular Dated, Boston, Mass., March 15, 1833,” in Waimea Station Report, 1834, HMHA/HMCS; “They were met at,” Sandwich Islands Mission Journal, August 23, 1820, HMHA/HMCS. 28 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 28 10/16/18 8:36 AM �Wai‘oli (or Hanalei)—Established 1834 James Alexander describes this spectacularly beautiful location in the memoir of his father’s life: “Waioli is a mountain-walled valley at the head of a long bay, on the northern, the rainy side, of the island. It is all both valley and mountain, clothed in verdure of the brightest green, and made still further beautiful by numerous streams and water-falls, whence the name Waioli (singing water); the name of the chief stream, Hanalei (wreath-making) is also another name for the valley.” In the first report of Waioli Station on June 1835, W. P. Alexander described the selection of the location for the station: After making a tour of Kauai & carefully inspecting the two unoccupied posts on Puna & Halelea, Waioli was chosen in preference to Kapaa, because more people can conveniently assemble there to hear preaching than at Kapaa, & because they were also the most destitute, being the farthest removed from the other Stations; & because of the prospect that the population would increase, not only by persons removing thither from a distance to be near the Missionary, but also for purposes of commerce, which the good harbor of [sic] Manolau surrounded by so fertile a country strongly invites–[sic] July 20th: [1835] A spot was selected for a dwelling, which was ready for our reception Aug. 22d, to which was soon added a cooking house, study & house for natives—Davida, an excellent member of the Waimea church, accompanied us, as a FIGURE 18 Waioli Mission Church, Hanalei. (HMHA/HMCS) helper in building up a new Station, & with him and his train making in all 75— They have built a City on the Waioli plain which they call Bethlehem—[sic] Hanalei valley was a major taro producing area. By the 1840s, more than a thousand acres of lowland were planted to coffee, and later rice became a major crop. The missionaries stationed at Wai‘oli were William P. Alexander (1834–1843); Edward Johnson (1837–1867); George B. Rowell (1843–1846); and Abner Wilcox (1846–1869). SOURCES: “After making a tour,” Waioli Station Report, June 1835, HMHA/HMCS; James Alexander, Mission Life in Hawaii. Memoir of William Alexander (1888): 88. On “Hanalei Valley” and the reference to coffee cultivation, see “Letters of Abner and Lucy Wilcox”: 249, HMHA/HMCS. 29 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 29 10/16/18 8:36 AM �The Island of Maui Ha‘ikū—Established 1834 In the 1837 Wailuku Station Report, Richard Armstrong describes evangelical activity there: “The out-station at Haiku has been pretty regularly supplied with preaching. . . . [W]e have generally gone there alternately & preached once or twice on the Sabbath—and remarked that the congregation had been ‘respectably large.’” This station was established principally because a man only referred to as Mr. Smith had commenced a plantation there which had attracted a good number of laborers. Richard Armstrong’s 1839 report notes that the Ha‘ikū Station was flourishing: “The people there have by their own voluntary efforts, put up a noble stone meeting house 96 feet by 42, & will soon I hope, have it finished & ready for dedication to the worship of God. If any missionary is adrift & wishes a place to work in the Lord’s vineyard, let him look towards Haiku.” No one stepped forward to accept the task, and the 1844 Wailuku Station Report says, “the districts of Hamakua & Kula, formerly connected with this station are now under the care of Mr. Green.” Richard Armstrong and his wife, Clarissa (Chapman) Armstrong, were stationed at Ha‘ikū from 1834–1835. SOURCES: “The out-station at Haiku,” Wailuku Station Report, 1837; “The people there,” Wailuku Station Report, 1839; “the districts of Hamakua,” Wailuku Station Report, 1844; all at HMHA/HMCS. Hana—Established 1837 When the Hana Station was established in 1837, its boundaries included the districts of Ko‘olau on the north and Kīpahulu and Kaupō on the south, and had by Rev. Conde’s records about 3,000 in population. The station report for 1839 says the church was organized on July 29, 1838, consisting mainly of church members from other parishes, only three united by profession of faith, but have grown and now number seventy-one, with, fifty-three men and eighteen women. Rev. Conde wrote that the morning after their arrival was the Lord’s day and all assembled in a lauhala thatched house of worship 130 by thirty feet, “the ground floor strewed with smooth round pebbles, two or three inches deep, gathered from the ocean beach, near by.” When the station was divided in 1847, the districts of Hana and Ko‘olau came under the care of Rev. Mr. Conde, and Kīpahulu and Kaupō were set off to Mr. Whittlesey. The population of Hana was devastated by the smallpox epidemic of 1853. For about ten years longer, missionaries at Hana maintained both meeting houses and mission dwellings at Kīpahulu and Kaupō, and they made scheduled visits. 30 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 30 10/16/18 8:36 AM �FIGURE 19 Hana, Maui. Hana Mission Station by unknown artist and engraver, Lahainaluna. (HMHA/HMCS) The missionaries stationed at Hana and Kaupō were Mark Ives (1837–1839); Daniel T. Conde (1838–1848); William H. Rice (1841–1844); Eliphalet Whittlesey (1847–1854); William O. Baldwin (1855–1859); and Sereno E. Bishop (1862–1865). SOURCES: Hana Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS; “the ground floor,” Daniel T. Conde, “Life at Hana,” in Jubilee Celebration of the Missionary Reinforcement of 1837 (1887): 173. Honua‘ula—Established 1846 This was more of an out-station than a regular establishment occupied by a missionary. It was a large district in Maui, stretching from Paeahu in the north, Kanaio on the south, Haleakalā mountain on the east and the seacoast, including Mākena on the west. It was originally a sub-parish under the Wailuku Mission Station, but in 1846 the mission employed “Kaili a graduate of the Seminary [Lahainaluna] & a very capable man . . . as a regular helper at this out post.” He received $50 a year as compensation. By 1848 his salary had been increased to $103.73. In subsequent years, the Hawaiian Evangelical Association settled several Native Hawaiian pastors in the district. SOURCES: “Kaili a graduate of the Seminary,” Wailuku Station Report, May 1846, HMHA/HMCS; Wailuku Station Reports, 1846–1848, HMHA/HMCS. 31 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 31 10/16/18 8:36 AM �Kā‘anapali—Established 1834–1835 This very large district of West Maui was sometimes considered a separate station and at other times as an out-station or a sub-station under the supervision of the Lahaina and Lahainaluna stations. The Kā‘anapali Station originally extended from the “black rock” to Waihe‘e and included Honokōhau and Honokōwai. In an 1836 letter to the ABCFM, Ephraim W. Clark describes progress at this station: “My Sabbaths are usually spent at Kaanapali. The number of hearers there has increased of late. The people have recently built a very substantial meeting house which was dedicated a few days since to the worship of God. . . .” The 1843 Station Report notes that a “new stone meeting house which was commenced last year has been finished & was opened for worship in Feby.” In later years, the parishes of Kā‘anapali and Honokōhau and Kahana were joined. SOURCES: “My Sabbaths are,” E. W. Clark to Rufus Anderson, Lahainaluna, October 6, 1836, ABCFM Collection, HLH; “new stone meeting house,” Maui-Kaanapali Station Report, 1843, HMHA/HMCS; Maui-Kaanapali Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS. Kīpahulu-Kaupō—Established 1846 In 1848 Daniel T. Conde, the missionary stationed at Hana, reported that “Kipahulu & Kaupo were severed from my field 2 years ago by the Hawaiian Association & transferred to Mr. Whittlesey. These districts have therefore been under his special and exclusive care during the past two years.” This station was closed the following year with the departure of W. O. Baldwin, and the parishioners were thereafter served by ministers from Hana. SOURCES: “Kipahulu & Kaupo were,” Hana Station Report, 1848, HMHA/HMCS. Lahaina—Established 1823 Lahaina was one of the most heavily populated settlements in the Islands. Stretching inland from the sea from Olowalu to Kā‘anapali on the western part of the island, there was a well irrigated and highly cultivated plain, with extensive kalo patches and groves of breadfruit–and consequently, a considerable population. Its protected anchorage was by the early 1820s beginning to attract annual visits by whaleships, which could provision there, and Lahaina became an economic, as well as a political center, for more than forty years. A mission station was established at Lahaina in 1823, when Keōpūolani, the widow of Kamehameha I, decided to move there and requested that several missionaries accompany her. 32 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 32 10/16/18 8:36 AM �The records of the church at Lahaina begin with this announcement: “On the 31st of May 1823, FIGURE 20 the following members of the Sandwich Islands Church took up their residence in Lahaina, where, Lahaina as seen from Lahainaluna, [Maui] 1843. Unknown artist. Engraved by Lorrin Andrews, Lahainaluna. (HMHA/HMCS) by administering the ordinances, communing together, exercising discipline &c., they, to a certain extent, constituted a separate church (belonging to an American church): Charles S. Stewart, Harriet B. Stewart, William Richards, Clarissa L. Richards, Betsey Stockton. Wm. Kamahoula (and belonging to the Church in Huahine, Soc. Isls.) and Kauwa [or Taua].” On August 24, 1823, the first house of worship was dedicated at Lahaina, and on September 16 of that year, Keōpūolani, the highest chief on the Islands, “having, in the judgment of Christian charity, given evidence of true piety, received the ordinance of baptism & was admitted into the visible church, an hour after which she was called . . . to join the invisible church above.” Unfortunately, the first church building, Waine‘e Church (moving water in Hawaiian), was destroyed only two years later by a “sweeping wind” in December 1826. Maui Governor Ulumaheihei Hoapili took the lead in organizing labor to replace the church, and by 1828, Rev. C. S. Stewart reported its stone replacement as “now erecting” and “two stories in height, to be furnished with galleries, and calculated to afford seats for three thousand hearers . . . pleasantly situated near the finest grove of cocoanut trees in the district–has been erected exclusively at the expense of the governor and chiefs of Maui–and when completed will be the most substantial and noble structure of the Polynesian Islands.” William Richards informed the ABCFM on October 15, 1828, that “At the particular request of Hoapili, the building receives the name of Ebenezer. It is 104 feet long, and 50 wide, 33 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 33 10/16/18 8:36 AM �the stones of which the house is built are volcanic. . . . To build this house the common people are taxed for some labor; but the real expense of the building is nearly all defrayed by the chiefs, and principally by Hoapili. It is thus far, and promises in the end to be, very much superior to any thing which has been attempted in this part of the world.” The church was dedicated March 4, 1832. In spite of Hoapili and Richards and its dedication as Ebenezera (Ebenezer) Church, though, the church continued to be generally referred to as Waine‘e Church until 1954 when its name was changed to Waiola (water of life) Church. It was repaired several times and stood until 1894 when it was destroyed by fire. William Richards was pastor 1823–1836, and Baldwin from 1837–1868. Since 1868, the Lahaina church generally has had Native Hawaiian pastors. The missionaries stationed at Lahaina were William Richards (1823–1838); Charles S. Stewart (1823–1824); Betsey Stockton (1823–1824); Lorrin Andrews (1828–1831 and 1844–45); Maria Patton (later Chamberlain) (1828); Maria Ogden (1829–1838); Jonathan S. Green (1830–1831); Reuben Tinker (1831–1832); Stephen Shepard (1831); Ephraim W. Spalding (1832–1836); Alonzo Chapin (1832–1833); Dwight Baldwin (1835–1868); Charles McDonald (1837–1839); Cochran Forbes (1845–1847); Townsend E. Taylor (1848–1851); and Sereno E. Bishop (1853–1862). SOURCES: “On the 31st of May,” Lahaina Church Record Book, HMHA/HMCS; “having, in the judgment of Christian charity,” “sweeping wind” William Richards to Levi Chamberlain, Lahaina, Dec. 25, 1826, HMHA/HMCS; “now erecting,” C. S. Stewart; A Visit to the South Seas, in the U. States Ship Vincennes, during the Years 1829 and 1830 (1831): 164–165; “At the particular request,” William Richards to the ABCFM, Missionary Herald 25, July 1829: 208–209.; Maui-Lahaina-Station Reports, 1832–1847 and 1848–1864. A woodcut illustration of the Lahaina church is in the Missionary Herald 35, August 1839: 4. Lahainaluna—Established 1831 When the Lahainaluna Seminary commenced instruction in September 1831, the site of the school located on the barren slopes rising to the West Maui Mountains was also designated as a mission station. From embryonic beginnings, by the middle 1830s, the station site had a large seminary building, several teacher’s cottages, a simple dormitory building for students, and accommodations for other helpers. A permanent stone building (still standing) for the printing and engraving departments was put up in 1837. The station and its buildings are well illustrated in the engravings issued from the school’s “engraving department.” Many of the Native Hawaiian leaders who emerged in mid-nineteenth century Hawai‘i graduated from Lahainaluna, leaders such as David Malo, John Papa ‘Ī‘ī, and Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau. In 1849 the land and buildings at Lahainaluna were transferred from the Mission to the Board of Education, which then assumed all responsibility for the school operation. The school is still in operation by the Board of Education. 34 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 34 10/16/18 8:36 AM �The missionaries stationed at Lahainaluna were Lorrin Andrews (1831–1843); Ephraim W. Clark (1834–1843); Edmund H. Rogers (1835–1840); Sheldon Dibble (1834–1845); Lucia G. Smith (later Mrs. Lorenzo Lyons) (1837–1838); Horton O. Knapp (1838–1839); Edward Bailey (1839); John S. Emerson (1842–1846); William P. Alexander (1843–1856); Timothy D. Hunt (1845–1848); Claudius B. Andrews (1848–1849, 1856–1860, 1866–1871); John F. Pogue (1851–1866); Henry H. FIGURE 21 Lahainaluna, [Maui] 1843. Drawn by Edward Bailey. Engraved by Lorrin Andrews, Lahainaluna. (HMHA/HMCS) Parker (1860–1861); Sereno E. Bishop (1865–1877); and Anderson O. Forbes (1871–1874). SOURCES: Elias Bond to Richard Armstrong, Hawaii State Archives, Board of Education letters; David W. Forbes, Engraved at Lahainaluna, (2012). Makawao—Established 1843 Makawao is a large land area on the upland slopes of Haleakalā. Because of its accessible upland portions, Makawao had first functioned as an occasional “health station” to the Mission, and from the 1840s, it gradually became a center of agriculture and ranching. It became an independent mission station in 1843. Rev. E. W. Clark in his 1844 Wailuku Station Report noted the start of the Makawao Station when J. S. Green ceased his connection with Wailuku in 1843, and “The districts of Hamakua & Kula formerly connected with this station, are now 35 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 35 10/16/18 8:36 AM �FIGURE 22 Po‘okela Church, Makawao. (HMHA/HMCS) under the care of Mr. Green. 180 members of the Wailuku Church belonging to these two districts were formed into a separate church by their former pastor, Mr. Green, before my removal to Wailuku, the same church has now increased to about 400.” The missionaries stationed at Makawao were Jonathan S. Green (1843–1878) and Claudius B. Andrews (1860–1862, 1866, 1871–1876). SOURCES: “The districts of Hamakua,” Wailuku Station Report, 1844; also see other Wailuku Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS. Wailuku—Established 1832 The Wailuku Station originally comprised all of Central Maui, the coastal settlements of Kihei, Hāmākua Loa and Hāmākua Poko, and the uplands of Makawao, Kula, and Honua‘ula to Kahikinui. The heart of the district was on the rising hills of the West Maui mountains, above what is now Kahului and included extensive and well-irrigated taro lands of Wailuku, Waikapū, Waiehu and Waihe‘e. The district was heavily populated. Wailuku became of interest to the Mission shortly after the Lahaina Station was established in 1823. In a joint letter dated August 30 of that year, William Richards and Hiram Bingham report on their exploratory tour to central Maui from Lahaina, via Mā‘alaea, saying that they walked from there to Waikapu and then “proceeded to the king’s temporary dwelling, 36 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 36 10/16/18 8:36 AM �or lodging place, at Wyrookoo [Wailuku]. On the 24th inst. we had the happiness to dedicate to the Lord Jehovah a new house for divine worship, lately erected by the king’s mother and her husband, and Krimakoo [Kalanimoku]. They were present at the dedication with Kamamaloo [Kamāmalu], and other important persons. . . . We sang in the native language the Jubilee hymn, ‘Blow ye the trumpet,’ and in English. ‘Wake, Isles of the South, your redemption is near.’” In August 1828 when a deputation of the Mission, consisting of William Richards, Lorrin Andrews, and J. S. Green, made an exploratory tour around central and eastern Maui, they reported on the land and population: “the land is in a high state of cultivation. The weather is cooler here than at Lahaina, and on every account this would be a very desirable place for a mission station. Within four miles of the house of the head man of this district, there are probably 4,000 inhabitants.” In his 1844 Station Report, E. W. Clark describes the Wailuku Station area many years later: “The field of Wailuku embraces the territory between Waihe‘e on West Maui and Kahiki nui on East Maui inclusive. The districts of Hāmākua & Kula formerly connected with this station are now under the care of Mr. Green.” The great Wailuku Church did not become known as the Ka‘ahumanu Church until many years later. The church had three apanas or out-stations: Waikapū, Waiehu, and Waihe‘e. FIGURE 23 Wailuku and Iao Valley, c. 1841–1842. Wailuku Mission Station. Unknown artist and engraver. (HMHA/HMCS) 37 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 37 10/16/18 8:36 AM �The missionaries stationed at Wailuku were Jonathan S. Green (1832–1842); Reuben Tinker (1832–1834); Richard Armstrong (1835–1840); Lydia Brown (1835–1840); Maria Ogden (1838–1858); Edward Bailey (1840–1885); Ephraim W. Clark (1843–1848); Daniel T. Conde (1848–1856); and William P. Alexander (1856–1884). SOURCES: “proceeded to the king’s,” Joint Letter of August 30, 1823, ABCFM Collection, HLH; also in the Missionary Herald; “the land is in,” Missionary Herald 25, August 1829: 247–250; “The field of Wailuku,” Wailuku Station Report, 1844; also see additional Wailuku Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS. The Island of Moloka‘i FIGURE 24 Kaluaaha, Molokai, c. 1838–1840. Unknown artist and engraver, Lahainaluna. (HMHA/HMCS) Kalua‘aha, Moloka‘i—Established 1832 Kalua‘aha, where the Moloka‘i Mission Station was established in November 1832, was the economic center and most populous district of the island of Moloka‘i. Located on the seacoast that faces the island of Maui, it was famed for the fish ponds that stretched along the coastline, 38 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 38 10/16/18 8:36 AM �and from which the people of Moloka‘i conducted a great trade in the Lahaina market. Kalua‘aha was first occupied by Rev. and Mrs. Harvey R. Hitchcock. In a short memoir published in 1887, Mrs. Hitchcock says that the first site selected for a mission station on Moloka‘i was “disapproved” of by Gov. Adams [Kuakini] and that Mr. Hitchcock was requested by Hoapiliwahine to go again to Molokai and select a site for the station on her land, which he did, and it proved to be the best and most central for the Island. . . . There was no meeting house or school house, no roads . . . [and] Mr. Hitchcock’s first pulpit was the broken stump of a lauhala tree on which was placed a board where he stood and preached while the people sat on the ground under the trees. The first meeting house of thatch construction was eventually replaced by a large stone edifice, the walls of which still stand. The missionaries stationed at Kalua‘aha were Harvey R. Hitchcock (1832–1855); Richard Armstrong (1832–1833); Lowell Smith (1833); Elizabeth Hitchcock (later Mrs. Edmund Rogers) (1835–1836); Bethuel Munn (1837–1841); Lydia Brown (1840–1857); Peter J. Gulick (1843–1846); Claudius B. Andrews (1844–1848, 1852–1856); Anna Andrews (1855–1856); Samuel G. Dwight (1848–1852); Anderson O. Forbes (1858–1868); Maria Jane (Chamberlain) Forbes (1859–1860); and Rebecca (Howard) Hitchcock (1855–1860). SOURCES: “Mr. Hitchcock was requested,” Mrs. Hitchcock, “The Work on Molokai,” in Jubilee Celebration of the Arrival of the Missionary Reinforcement of 1837 (1887). The Island of O‘ahu ‘Ewa—Established 1834 Sereno Bishop, whose family moved to the ‘Ewa Station in 1836, describes the district thusly: The mission house was located on the west bank of the Waiawa creek, about one fourth mile northwest of the present railway station at Pearl City. There was nearly an acre of ground enclosed in an adobe wall. Some distance seaward was a glebe [piece of land that provides income to clergy] of a couple of acres of taro swamp, a little below . . . [and] a small cattle pen was enclosed about twenty rods north. An old wall of the natives separated the upland from the planted lands and kept out pigs and afterward the cattle. Copious springs of most delicious water abounded throughout the district of Ewa, a small one being in our own grounds. 39 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 39 10/30/18 9:14 AM �When Amos Cooke made a visit to ‘Ewa by canoe in July 1837, he described the station: “We were much pleased with the situation. . . . As we ascended the river it was pleasant on account of the vegetation on the shore. . . . Bro. Bishop’s house was on the side of the river & built of dobies [adobe]. . . . It has four rooms with no cellar, or garret, but a long kitchen at one end. In the same yard there is a room built to accommodate visitors & also a study where bro. B. receives his natives.” At the time Lowell Smith was at the ‘Ewa station, he remembered that the district had a population of about five thousand, “scattered along in thirteen small villages . . . upon the coast from Halawa to Honouliuli–and thence on to Waianae, some twenty miles.” The church at ‘Ewa was organized on the Sabbath, January 3, 1836, with eighteen members but eventually numbered more than 2,800. The first church was built of adobe bricks and a thatched roof. The missionaries stationed at ‘Ewa were Lowell Smith (1834), Artemas Bishop (1836–1856), and William S. Van Duzee (1838). SOURCES: “The mission house,” Sereno E. Bishop, Reminiscences of Old Hawaii (1916): 42; “We were much pleased,” Amos Cooke to Parents, Honolulu, Sept. 19, 1837, HMHA/HMCS; “scattered along in,” Lowell Smith, “Four Years of Mission Work, 1833–1837,” in Jubilee Celebration of the Arrival of the Missionary Reinforcement of 1837 (1887): 85–87. Honolulu—Established 1820 From the commencement of the Sandwich Islands Mission operation in 1820, Honolulu became and remained the center of the operation. Although first Kailua, Kona, and then Lahaina were nominated as political “capitals” of the Islands, from the time Western traders began resorting to Hawai‘i for resupplying ships, Honolulu increasingly became the economic center of the Islands. Honolulu offered a first-rate harbor, plenty of water, and vast agricultural resources for provisioning in the valleys behind the then barren plains on which the modern city stands. The mission station was at Kawaiaha‘o, which in 1820 was on the edge of a treeless grasscovered plain, quite apart from the small town. The buildings of the station went up on both sides of a path now known as King Street, between what are now Punchbowl and Alapai streets, and eventually included six or more dwellings, a printing building, a bindery, and an adobe schoolhouse. The first ABCFM missionary church service in Honolulu took place on April 24, 1820. The first Kawaiaha‘o Church was built of thatch during the summer of 1821 and was replaced by three additional thatched houses of worship. The second in 1824 burned down, a third was erected in 1827, and a fourth was dedicated in 1829. The familiar coral stone building that survives was commenced on September 18, 1838, at the expense of King Kamehameha III and 40 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 40 10/16/18 8:36 AM �chiefs, and was dedicated July 21, 1842. Kawaiaha‘o Church also maintained, off and on, eleven FIGURE 25 apana (different parts or pieces) chapels, including Pauoa, Mānoa, Kaimukī, Mo‘ili‘ili, Kalihi, Mission Houses, Honolulu, 1837, Drawn by Charles Wheeler. Engraved by Kalama. (HMHA/HMCS) Pālama, and Waikīkī. The were many missionaries stationed at Honolulu through the years: Hiram Bingham (1820–1840); Elisha Loomis (1820–1826); Dr. Thomas Holman (1820); Daniel Chamberlain (1820–1823); Asa Thurston (1820–1823); Abraham Blatchely (1823–1826); Joseph Goodrich (1826–1828, 1830–1832); James Ely (1823); William Ellis (1822, 1823–1824); Ephraim W. Clark (1828–1834, 1848–1864); Gerrit P. Judd (1828–1873); Mary Ward (later Rogers) (1828–1834); William Richards (1823, 1838–1842, 1845–1847); Reuben Tinker (1831, 1834–1838); Andrew Johnstone (1831–1859); Edmund H. Rogers (1840–1853); Lemuel Fuller (1833); Henry Dimond (1835–1895); Edwin O. Hall (1835–1883); Lowell Smith (1836–1891); Samuel N. Castle (1837–1841, 1843–1894); Amos S. Cooke (1837–1871); Horton O. Knapp (1839–1845); Richard Armstrong (1840–1860); Samuel C. Damon (1842–1885); Timothy D. Hunt (1848); Artemas Bishop (1849– 1872); Townsend E. Taylor (1851–1854); Peter J. Gulick (1857–1874); Maria Ogden (1858–1874); Henry H. Parker (1862–1922); Benjamin Parker (c. 1868–1927); John F. Pogue (1869–1877); Luther Halsey Gulick (1863–1870); Anderson O. Forbes (1868–1871, 1880–1888); Charles M. Hyde (1877–1899); Oliver P. Emerson (1889–1906); and John Leadingham (1894–1904). SOURCES: Honolulu Station Reports, HMHA/HMCS; The Maile Wreath, May 7, 1865, has a “sketch” account of the building of Kawaiaha‘o Church. See also Ethel M. Damon, The Stone Church at Kawaiahao (1945). 41 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 41 10/16/18 8:36 AM �FIGURE 26 Native Church, Honolulu, (First Kaumakapili Church), drawn by E. A. Olmsted, c. 1841. (HMHA/HMCS) Northwest Honolulu (Kaumakapili)—Established 1837 The Northwest Honolulu (Kaumakapili) Mission Station, was intended as a means of dividing the very large Honolulu Station into two manageable parts. It was a strategy adopted as a reaction to the evangelical success of the Roman Catholic Mission, which had been established in that neighborhood. Its boundaries were imprecise but were approximately from today’s Bethel Street and extending westward through Pālama, and inland so as to include Nu‘uanu valley. The church was organized there on April 1, 1838, and designated as the “Second congregation,” the first being Kawaiaha‘o Church. The building site was on Beretania Street, at the head of Smith Street, the street received its name from the longtime Kaumakapili pastor, Rev. Lowell Smith. In the report of the station at Northwest Honolulu, Lowell Smith sought to explain two stations in Honolulu: “I endeavored from the commencement to make it clearly understood that I had been located at this part of the village to seek after those who did not attend School or meeting at the mission; and that I did not wish Bingham’s haumanas to come to this place of worship.” The minutes of the Sandwich Islands Mission for 1839 state that “the 2nd church and congregation have nearly finished a dobie [adobe] meeting house 125 ft. by 60 the walls are three feet thick and 13 ft. high. [I]t contains eight large panel doors and 16 glass windows.” It was dedicated August 29, 1839. There were two Kaumakapili churches at that site, the first being the long-standing adobe building which was eventually replaced by an imposing brick edifice, dedicated on June 10, 1888. The latter was burned in the January 1900 Chinatown fire. A new structure was finished at the corner of King Street and Simerson Lane in Kalihi in 1911. 42 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 42 10/16/18 8:36 AM �Lowell Smith (1837–1868) and Anderson Forbes (1868–1871) were the only missionaries stationed at Northwest Honolulu (Kaumakapili). SOURCES: “I endeavored from the,” Report of the Station at N.W.H., May 21, 1838, Mission Station Reports— Oahu-Honolulu—1838–1846, (HMHA/HMCS); “the 2nd church and congregation,” in Minutes of the Sandwich Islands Mission, 1839: 13 (HMHA/HMCS). Kāne‘ohe—Established 1834 When Benjamin and Mary Parker first occupied the Kāne‘ohe Mission Station in September 1834, they found that the chiefs of the district had erected the frame of a meeting house before their arrival. The meeting house, which stood on a plateau facing Kāne‘ohe Bay, was dedicated on November 31, 1834. In the beginning, Parker noted that neither the chiefs nor the people had much interest in Parker’s work. However, by 1836, he noted an enlarged congregation. In September 1837, Amos Cooke describes the Kāne‘ohe area after a visit he and Sheldon Dibble made to Kāne‘ohe: Bro. Dibble & myself returned last evening from bro. Parker’s station at Kaneohe. . . . His district extends about 8 miles each side of him. The width between the mountain FIGURE 27 Meeting House and School House at Kāne‘ohe, c. 1837–1838. Drawn by Edward Bailey. Engraved by Nuuanu, Lahainaluna. (HMHA/HMCS) 43 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 43 10/30/18 9:14 AM �& sea being about four miles. For some miles around his house it is a large plain covered with grass with here and there a house scattered over it. His whole district contains 4,000 inhabitants. His meeting house is near his dwelling & will hold about 800 or 1,000 people. He lives himself in a doby [adobe] house but was building a stone one, as the doby one was crumbling. . . . His meeting house was built of grass, or rather covered with grass. He had a doby school house underway, most of the walls had been laid by his people. . . . On the Sabbath bro. Dibble & Parker both preached. There were about 600 hearers in the morning. Not so many in the afternoon. The missionaries stationed at Kāne‘ohe were Benjamin W. Parker (1834–1867) and Marcia M. Smith (1837). SOURCES: Mission Station Reports—Oahu-Kaneohe—1835–1862, HMHA/HMCS; “Bro. Dibble & myself,” Amos Cooke to his parents, Sept. 30, 1837, HMHA/HMCS. Punahou—Established 1841 Faced with the prospect of sending mission children back to New England for schooling, as had already the parents of twenty of their number, the Sandwich Islands Mission determined to establish a school in Hawai‘i. The founders of schools for others (Lahainaluna Seminary and the Chiefs’ Children’s School) decided to found a school for their own children, abandoning a short-lived tradition of sending their children to the United States to be raised by relatives or, sometimes, strangers, that had made their children virtual orphans for the sake of their education. The first pupils, starting on July 11, 1842, comprised three Armstrongs, four Chamberlains, one Dimond, two Emersons, four Gulicks, and one Hall. They ranged in age from five to twelve years. The school would be built on the land called Punahou (meaning new spring), which was given to Hiram Bingham and the Mission by Chief Boki and his wife Liliha in 1829. For the first few years after the gift, the land was under the guardianship of Ka‘ahumanu. Ka‘ahumanu also built a small grass house for use of the Binghams, which was replaced a few years later by a more substantial building of adobe. A monument marks the spot today. The missionaries stationed at Punahou School were Rev. Daniel Dole (1841–1855); Marcia M. Smith (1842–1852); William H. Rice (1844–1854); William A. Spooner (1855–1859); Eliza Ann (Boynton) Spooner (1855–1859); Maria L. Kinney (1856); Cyrus T. Mills (1860–1864); and Mrs. Susan L. Mills (1860–1864). SOURCES: Mary C. Alexander and Charlotte P. Dodge, Punahou, 1841–1941 (1941); Rufus Anderson, History of the Sandwich Islands Mission (1870). 44 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 44 10/30/18 9:14 AM �FIGURE 28 Punahou. (HMHA/HMCS) 45 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 45 10/16/18 8:36 AM �Waialua—Established in 1832 The Waialua Station (Hale‘iwa) on O‘ahu was established on July 23, 1832, when Rev. and Mrs. John Emerson, accompanied by Rev. and Mrs. Ephraim Clark, sailed into the harbor at Waialua in a small native schooner. Mr. Emerson described their situation in a letter on August 20, 1832: We have two new native thatched houses, one for Mr. Clark and family, which will be my study after they leave us, and one for ourselves. We have also a cook house, one old house in which our native[s] live, and a study for Mr. Clark; in all five houses. The one we live in is the largest, 36 ft. by 24 ft. . . . The land on which our houses stand, about half an acre, is enclosed by a sort of palisade of small poles about six feet high, so fastened together with the native cord as to make quite a strong fence. This is necessary to keep the horses and goats from carrying off the houses, in other words from eating them up, which they would do if they were very hungry. This establishment was on the Honolulu side of the Anahulu River. In September Mrs. Emerson wrote that the Sunday services “are usually attended by as many as fifteen hundred natives. . . . Our new building will accommodate a thousand more.” Another thatched meeting house was completed in 1833 on chief La‘anui’s land that was large enough to hold 2,000 people. Mrs. Emerson says that the station originally comprised three districts: Wai‘anae, Waialua, and Ko‘olauloa, extending “not less than fifty-eight miles.” Her husband made tours through each from his base at Waialua, but after Lowell Smith came to ‘Ewa, Smith “relieved him for a time” of Wai‘anae. The stone-walled mission house built in 1834 for the Emersons, was one story, enlarged to two stories in 1846. The “Industrial school for boys,” established by Edwin Locke was on the opposite side of the Anahulu River from the Emerson house. The first Waialua Church of thatch was replaced in 1833 by a more substantial adobe and stone structure, which remained in use until about 1887. A separate church organization was afterward formed at Hau‘ula, twenty miles distant from Waialua, and in 1849 a church was organized at Kahuku and placed under the charge of Rev. James Kekela. The missionaries stationed at Waialua were John S. Emerson (1832–1842, 1846–1867); Ephraim W. Clark (1832); Edwin Locke (1837–1843); George B. Rowell (1842–1843); Asa B. Smith (1843–1845); Abner Wilcox (1844–1846); Peter J. Gulick (1846–1857); and Orramel H. Gulick (1865–1869). SOURCES: “We have two native thatched houses,” quoted in Oliver P. Emerson, Pioneer Days in Hawaii (1928): 57; “are usually attended by,” quoted in Emerson, Pioneer Days in Hawaii: 60; Ursula Emerson, “A Missionary’s Journal,” “not less than fifty-eight miles,” 54, and relieved him for a time,” 52 “in Jubilee Celebration of the Arrival of the Missionary Reinforcement of 1837 (1887); Mission Station Reports—Oahu–Waialua/Wianae—1832–1865, HMHA/HMCS. 46 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 46 10/30/18 9:14 AM �FIGURE 29 Liliuokalani Church. Adobe church built in 1840 at Waialua, O‘ahu. Painting by Charles Furneaux. Waialua Mission Station. (HMHA/HMCS) 47 PartnersChangeFinal_Update.indd 47 10/16/18 8:36 AM � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Partners in Change: A Biographical Encyclopedia of American Protestant Missionaries in Hawaiʻi and their Hawaiian and Tahitian Colleagues, 1820-1900 Subject The topic of the resource Partners in Change MIssionaries Hawaii ABCFM David Forbes Biographies Tahiti Encyclopedia Description An account of the resource Excerpt from: Partners in Change: A Biographical Encyclopedia of American Protestant Missionaries in Hawaiʻi and their Hawaiian and Tahitian Colleagues, 1820-1900, is a reference work for individuals involved in the Mission work. It includes the Hawaiians and Tahitians who worked with the Mission, ABCFM missionaries, and London Missionary Society missionaries. The expanded nature of Partners in Change will be a boon to researchers in its expanded scope from the 1969 Missionary Album. The fact that it uses a modified Chicago Manual of Style system provides an accessible form of documentation for casual readers, yet maintains a clear pathway for scholars to check and verify our statements/quotations and to build upon them if they choose to do so. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource David W. Forbes, Ralph Thomas Kam, Thomas A. Woods Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mission House Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/3437a7dfd0e1b974af2717b8590d26cd.pdf 76bf06c4bdeed3254c0cc7cfe427d040 PDF Text Text �������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives Description An account of the resource This collection contains the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's (HEA) church correspondence of Ali`i, parishioners, pastors, and others. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hawaii Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives are housed and cared for by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library at the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives in agreement with the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (HCUCC). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng haw Subject The topic of the resource Missions--Hawaii--History--19th century. Correspondence. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MsH-NF Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HMCSL - HEA Archive - Nuikino, J.P. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nuikino, J.P. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1867 to 1869 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material is for reference only. If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://hmha.missionhouses.org/items/show/14178 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Description An account of the resource This folder contains 5 letters. 5 pages Author locations indicated: Mana, Kauai / Waimea, Kauai Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library (HMCSL), located on the campus of the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives Language A language of the resource haw Type The nature or genre of the resource text - handwritten #hea #imls #namefiles https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/fbf752573895d2ea34e11df3cfb570c8.pdf f356e180a18e51bd7a2d3cee71941079 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives Description An account of the resource This collection contains the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's (HEA) church correspondence of Ali`i, parishioners, pastors, and others. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hawaii Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives are housed and cared for by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library at the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives in agreement with the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (HCUCC). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng haw Subject The topic of the resource Missions--Hawaii--History--19th century. Correspondence. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MsH-NF Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HMCSL - HEA Archive - Nawahi, Jos. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nawahi, Jos. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource no date Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material is for reference only. If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://hmha.missionhouses.org/items/show/14177 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Description An account of the resource This folder contains 1 letter. 1 page Author location not indicated. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library (HMCSL), located on the campus of the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives Language A language of the resource haw Type The nature or genre of the resource text - handwritten #hea #imls #namefiles https://hmha.missionhouses.org/files/original/15b61806f58d9a2e5f4aedd916b4d8c3.pdf 82f02d03e8e8157adda5f411861ea3ff PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives Description An account of the resource This collection contains the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's (HEA) church correspondence of Ali`i, parishioners, pastors, and others. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hawaii Evangelical Association (HEA) Archives are housed and cared for by the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library at the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives in agreement with the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (HCUCC). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng haw Subject The topic of the resource Missions--Hawaii--History--19th century. Correspondence. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MsH-NF Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HMCSL - HEA Archive - Nawahi, J. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nawahi, J. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1881 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material is for reference only. If you would like permission to publish or reproduce this material, please send your requests to archives@missionhouses.org Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://hmha.missionhouses.org/items/show/14176 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA) Names File Collection Description An account of the resource This folder contains 1 letter. 1 page Author locations indicated: Hilo, Hawaii Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library (HMCSL), located on the campus of the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives Language A language of the resource haw Type The nature or genre of the resource text - handwritten #hea #imls #namefiles